Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4)

Registration No. 333-262691

Prospectus

Subscription Rights to Purchase Up to 35,000 Units

Consisting of up to 35,000 Shares of Series I Convertible Preferred Stock

and Warrants to Purchase up to 53,830,000 Shares of Common Stock

at a Subscription Price of $1,000 per Unit

(and up to 53,830,000 shares of Common Stock underlying such Series I Convertible Preferred Stock)

We are distributing to holders of our common stock, $0.001 par value, and to holders of our Underwriter Warrants (as defined herein), Series D preferred stock and Series F preferred stock, at no charge, non-transferable subscription rights to purchase up to 35,000 units (“Units”). Each Unit consists of one (1) share of our Series I convertible preferred stock (“Series I preferred stock”) and a warrant to purchase 1,538 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.70 per share from the date of issuance through its expiration five years from the date of issuance (the “warrants”). Each share of Series I preferred stock is convertible at the option of the holder at any time into a number of shares of our common stock equal to the quotient of stated value of the Series I preferred stock divided by the conversion price (initially, $0.65 per share). We refer to the offering that is the subject of this prospectus as the rights offering. In the rights offering, you will receive one (1) subscription right for every share of common stock owned or deemed owned as of 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on August 3, 2022, the record date of the rights offering (the “Record Date”). Shares that are “deemed owned” refer to the shares issuable upon exercise of the outstanding warrants issued to the underwriter in our public offering in 2019 (the “Underwriter Warrants”) and the shares issuable upon conversion of the outstanding Series D preferred stock and Series F preferred stock. The Series I preferred stock and warrants comprising the Units will separate upon the closing of this rights offering and will be issued separately; however, they may only be purchased as a Unit and the Unit will not trade as a separate security. The subscription rights will not be tradeable. There is no minimum number of Units that we must sell in order to complete the rights offering.

Each subscription right consists of a basic subscription right and an over-subscription privilege.

Each subscription right will entitle you to purchase one Unit, which we refer to as the basic subscription right, at a subscription price equal to $1,000 per Unit, subject to proration among participants exercising their basic subscription right. If you exercise your basic subscription right in full, and any portion of the Units remain available under the rights offering which are unsubscribed, you will be entitled to an over-subscription privilege to purchase a portion of the unsubscribed Units at the subscription price, subject to proration among participants exercising their over-subscription privilege, which we refer to as the over-subscription privilege.

The subscription rights will expire if they are not exercised by 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on August 17, 2022, unless the rights offering is extended or earlier terminated by us. If we elect to extend the rights offering, we will issue a press release announcing the extension no later than 9:00 a.m., Eastern time, on the next business day after the most recently announced expiration date of the rights offering. We may extend the rights offering for a period not to exceed 45 days in our sole discretion. Once made, all exercises of subscription rights are irrevocable. All subscription payments will be deposited into an escrow account maintained by the subscription agent for the benefit of the holders exercising their subscriptions under the rights offering, and if the rights offering is not completed for any reason all funds will be promptly returned to such subscribers in the amounts advanced in connection with their respective exercises.

John K. Scott, Jr., vice chairman of our board of directors and the beneficial owner of approximately 31.5% of our outstanding common stock as of the Record Date, may exercise some or all of his subscription rights, but he has not made a decision with respect to exercising his basic subscription right or over-subscription privilege at this time. Certain holders of the subscription rights, including Mr. Scott, will have the option to pay the subscription price in this rights offering by cancelling or exchanging their shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock and our indebtedness evidenced by a secured term note in the aggregate principal amount of $2.5 million plus accrued but unpaid interest payable to Mr. Scott (“Term Note”), instead of paying cash. The fair market value of the shares of each series of preferred stock and the Term Note to be cancelled or exchanged in the rights offering has been determined by our board of directors based on an independent appraisal. We received a letter dated August 3, 2022 from counsel for the holder of the Series D preferred stock objecting to the fair market value of the shares as determined by our board based upon the independent appraisal.

We have engaged Maxim Group LLC to act as the dealer-manager for this rights offering. We have not entered into any standby purchase agreement or other similar arrangement in connection with this rights offering. The rights offering is being conducted on a best-efforts basis. We have also engaged Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc. (“Broadridge”) to serve as our subscription and information agent for the rights offering. The subscription agent will hold in escrow the funds we receive from subscribers until we complete or cancel this rights offering.

We are conducting the rights offering to raise capital that we intend to use for funding the Company’s pivotal Phase 3 trial for Rheumatoid Arthritis (NAV3-33) (as described below), obtaining regulatory approvals, working capital, and for general corporate purposes.

You should carefully consider whether to exercise your subscription rights prior to the expiration of the rights offering. All exercises of subscription rights are irrevocable, even if the rights offering is extended by our board of directors for a period of up to 45 days.

If we amend the rights offering to allow for an extension of the rights offering for a period of more than 45 days or make a fundamental change to the terms of the rights offering set forth in this prospectus, you may cancel your subscription and receive a prompt refund of any money you have advanced. Our board of directors may cancel the rights offering at any time prior to the expiration of the rights offering for any reason. In the event the rights offering is canceled, all subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be promptly returned, without interest.

Our board of directors is making no recommendation regarding your exercise of the subscription rights. The subscription rights may not be sold, transferred or assigned and will not be listed for trading on any stock exchange or market. Our common stock is listed on the NYSE American under the symbol “NAVB.” On August 1, 2022, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NYSE American was $0.60 per share. You are urged to obtain current market quotations for our common stock.

You should read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, together with additional information described under the headings “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information,” carefully before you invest in any of our securities.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” on page 17 of this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Dealer Manager

Maxim Group LLC

The date of this prospectus is August 3, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS

You should read this prospectus, including all documents incorporated herein by reference, together with additional information described under “Where You Can Find More Information.”

You may obtain the information incorporated by reference without charge by following the instructions under “Where You Can Find More Information.”

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

You should rely only on the information we have provided or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus in connection with the rights offering described herein. You must not rely on any unauthorized information or representation. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the securities offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. You should assume that the information in this prospectus, or any document incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date of the applicable documents, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of a security. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since that date.

The distribution of this prospectus and the issuance of the securities in certain jurisdictions may be restricted by law. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the sale of the securities and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. This prospectus does not constitute, and may not be used in connection with, an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy, the securities offered by this prospectus by any person in any jurisdiction in which it is unlawful for such person to make such an offer or solicitation.

This prospectus contains summaries of certain provisions contained in some of the documents described herein, but reference is made to the actual documents for complete information. All of the summaries are qualified in their entirety by the actual documents. Copies of some of the documents referred to herein have been filed, will be filed or will be incorporated by reference as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and you may obtain copies of those documents as described below under the section entitled “Where You Can Find More Information.”

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”) provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of the Company. Statements in this document which relate to other than strictly historical facts, such as statements about the Company’s plans and strategies, expectations for future financial performance, new and existing products and technologies, anticipated clinical and regulatory pathways, the ability to obtain, and timing of, regulatory approvals of the Company’s products, the timing and anticipated results of commercialization efforts, and anticipated markets for the Company’s products, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the PSLRA. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements that speak only as of the date hereof. Investors are cautioned that such statements involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical or anticipated results due to many factors including, but not limited to, our history of operating losses and uncertainty of future profitability, accumulated deficit, future capital needs, the outcome of any pending litigation, uncertainty of capital funding, dependence on royalties and grant revenue, limited product line and distribution channels, competition, risks of development of new products, our ability to maintain effective control over financial reporting, our ability to comply with NYSE American continued listing standards, and other risks set forth in our Form 10-K under Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and beginning on page 17 of this prospectus. Navidea undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

You should carefully read this prospectus, the documents that we incorporate by reference into this prospectus and the documents we reference in this prospectus and have filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of the forward-looking statements in this prospectus by these cautionary statements.

Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights information contained in other parts of this prospectus or incorporated by reference into this prospectus from our filings with the SEC listed in the section of the prospectus entitled “Incorporation of Certain Information by Reference.” Because it is only a summary, it does not contain all of the information that should be considered before purchasing our securities in this offering and it is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information appearing elsewhere or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should read the entire prospectus, the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and the information incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, including the “Risk Factors” and our financial statements and the related notes incorporated by reference into this prospectus, before purchasing our securities in this offering. Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this prospectus to “the Company,” “Navidea,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Navidea Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Navidea Biopharmaceuticals Europe Limited and Navidea Biopharmaceuticals Limited, and its majority-owned subsidiary, Macrophage Therapeutics, Inc.

The Company

Navidea Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Navidea,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our”), a Delaware corporation (NYSE American: NAVB), is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of precision immunodiagnostic agents and immunotherapeutics. Navidea is developing multiple precision-targeted products based on our Manocept platform to enhance patient care by identifying the sites and pathways of undetected disease and enable better diagnostic accuracy, clinical decision-making and targeted treatment.

Navidea’s Manocept platform is predicated on the ability to specifically target the CD206 mannose receptor expressed on activated macrophages. The Manocept platform serves as the molecular backbone of Tc99m tilmanocept, the first product developed and commercialized by Navidea based on the platform. Other than Tc99m tilmanocept, which the Company has a license to distribute outside of Canada, Mexico and the United States, none of the Company’s drug product candidates have been approved for sale in any market.

Our business is focused on two primary types of drug products: (i) diagnostic substances, including Tc99m tilmanocept and other diagnostic applications of our Manocept platform, and (ii) therapeutic development programs, including therapeutic applications of our Manocept platform.

Technology and Product Candidates

Our primary development efforts over the last several years were focused on diagnostic products, including Tc99m tilmanocept, which the Company has a license to distribute outside of Canada, Mexico and the United States. Our more recent initiatives have been focused on diagnostic and therapeutic line extensions based on our Manocept platform.

During the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic, the Company’s primary concern is the safety of its employees, the employees of its clinical trial sites, and the patients enrolled in its clinical trials. The Company is working hard to mitigate any safety risk along with any long-term impact on its clinical development programs. We do not believe there has been a significant impact to the Company’s clinical development and regulatory timelines resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic. However, the COVID-19 outbreak delayed enrollment in our NAV3-32 clinical study in the United Kingdom due to national COVID-19-related shutdowns. In addition, the regulatory approval process in India was delayed by the impact of COVID-19 in that country.

As brief overview of recent developments in the Company’s diagnostics area (additional details in following sections), Navidea has completed the Phase 2b clinical trial (NAV3-31) evaluating imaging repeatability, reproducibility, and stability, as well as the capacity of Tc99m tilmanocept imaging to serve as an early predictor of treatment efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (“TNFα”) therapy in patients with moderate to severe Rheumatoid Arthritis (“RA”). In addition, the Company has completed enrollment into a Phase 2b clinical trial (NAV3-35) designed to accrue hand and wrist planar and single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (“SPECT/CT”) images from healthy subjects (with SPECT/CT imaging also done on a small group of RA patients) so that Navidea can complete a normative database in support of its RA imaging commercial product development. The Company’s recently launched pivotal Phase 3 trial for RA (NAV3-33) is the next step in the development plan for indications in RA. The additional Phase 2b trial (NAV3-32) correlating Tc99m tilmanocept uptake in RA-involved joints with CD206 immunohistochemistry findings from synovial biopsies is actively recruiting. In addition, the investigator-initiated Phase 2 cardiovascular (“CV”) study was completed at Massachusetts General Hospital and a manuscript has been submitted by the investigators. Results of this study provided to date have paralleled data in our earlier published article, and these data are supportive of Navidea’s hypothesis that tilmanocept can provide marked signal to background in a host of CV disease applications.

Manocept Platform - Diagnostics and Therapeutics Background

Navidea’s Manocept platform is predicated on the ability to specifically target the mannose receptor (CD206) expressed primarily on activated macrophages. This flexible and versatile platform serves as a molecular backbone for purpose-built targeted imaging molecules that may significantly impact patient care by providing enhanced diagnostic accuracy, clinical decision-making, and target-specific treatment. This CD206-targeted drug platform is applicable to a range of diagnostic modalities, including SPECT, positron emission tomography (“PET”), gamma-scanning and intra-operative and/or optical-fluorescence detection, as well as delivery of therapeutic compounds that target macrophages and their role in a variety of immune- and inflammation-involved diseases. The United States Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”)-approved sentinel node/lymphatic mapping agent, Tc99m tilmanocept, is representative of the ability to successfully exploit this mechanism to develop powerful new products and to expand this technology into additional diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

Activated macrophages play important roles in many disease states and are an emerging target in many diseases where diagnostic uncertainty exists. Impairment of the macrophage-driven disease mechanisms is an area of increasing and proven focus in medicine. The number of people affected by all the inflammatory diseases combined is estimated at more than 40 million in the United States and up to 700 million worldwide, making macrophage-mediated diseases an area of remarkable clinical importance. There are many recognized disorders having macrophage involvement, including RA, atherosclerosis/vulnerable plaque, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, cancer generally including Kaposi’s sarcoma (“KS”), leishmaniasis, and others that span general clinical areas in cancer immunology, autoimmunity, infectious diseases, cardiology, central nervous system diseases, and inflammation. For the near term, we have selected target diseases that may, if successfully developed, benefit from this technology.

The Company has developed processes for producing the first two therapeutic Manocept immuno-construct series, the Manocept doxorubicin (“MAN-DOX”) series, which is designed to specifically target and kill or modify activated CD206+ macrophages by delivering doxorubicin, and the Manocept dexamethasone (“MAN-DEX”) series, which is designed to inhibit the inflammatory activity of activated CD206+ macrophages by delivering a potent anti-inflammatory agent, dexamethasone. We have expended significant efforts in recent years to improve chemical syntheses and to produce sufficient quantities of the MAN-DOX series and MAN-DEX series agents, along with the concomitant analytical standards, to provide material for current and planned preclinical animal studies and future clinical trials. Evaluation of advanced MAN-DOX and MAN-DEX constructs have been successfully performed in human macrophage cell culture assays with MAN-DOX advancing to evaluations in various syngeneic mouse models of cancer.

Manocept Platform – Immuno-Diagnostics Clinical Data

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Two Tc99m tilmanocept dose escalation studies in RA have been completed. The first study was completed and included 18 subjects (nine with active disease and nine healthy subjects) dosed subcutaneously (“SC”) with 50 and 200 µg/2mCi Tc99m tilmanocept (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02683421). The results of this study were presented at five international meetings, including Biotechnology Innovation Organization, Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (“SNMMI”), and The American College of Rheumatology (“ACR”). In addition, based on completion of extensive preclinical dosing studies pursuant to our dialog with the FDA, we have completed a Phase 1/2 study involving intravenous (“IV”) dosing of 39 subjects with IV-administered Tc99m tilmanocept (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02865434). In conjunction with this study, we completed pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics and radiation dosimetry phases in human subjects as well. The majority of the costs of these studies were supported through a Small Business Innovation Research (“SBIR”) grant (NIH/NIAMSD Grant 1 R44 AR067583-01A1). Results of the Phase 1/2 study were presented at the June 2018 and June 2019 SNMMI meetings, the 2018 European League Against Rheumatism (“EULAR”) meeting and the 2018 ACR meeting. A manuscript intended for peer reviewed publication is in preparation.

The Phase 1/2 study enrolled subjects with active, moderate-to-severe RA, and healthy controls. Results from the completed trial demonstrated that Tc99m tilmanocept is well-tolerated with no serious adverse events, adverse drug reactions, or drug-related adverse events observed. Additionally, static planar images revealed joint-specific Tc99m tilmanocept localization in RA subjects to disease-involved joints of the shoulders, knees, hands, and feet, but no joint-specific localization in healthy control subjects, revealing potentially significant immunodiagnostic information about CD206-expressing synovial macrophage involvement in RA. An optimal imaging time window post-Tc99m tilmanocept IV administration, as well as optimal dosing, were also determined.

In April 2019, the Company received feedback from the FDA regarding the Company’s planned clinical studies to evaluate joint disease in patients with RA and monitor patient response to therapy. The Company’s proposed RA studies were discussed with the FDA during an in-person meeting and through follow-up collaborative efforts. The FDA communicated that the first study, a Phase 2b trial, was aligned with expectations for the studies and that they would continue to work with Navidea as the Company progressed into the second Phase 2b trial correlating Tc99m tilmanocept uptake in RA-involved joints with CD206 immunohistochemistry findings from synovial biopsies and into the planned Phase 3 clinical trial.

In May 2019, we began enrolling patients into the first Phase 2b study, (NAV3-31), entitled “Evaluation of the Precision and Sensitivity of Tilmanocept Uptake Value (“TUV”) on Tc99m Tilmanocept Planar Imaging” (ClinicalTrials.gov MCT03938636). This study, since completed, provided confirmatory support necessary to initiate Navidea’s Phase 3 study program. In October 2019, the Company performed its first interim analysis of this trial, covering subjects enrolling into Arms 1 and 2. The results of this interim analysis were in line with the Company’s hypotheses that Tc99m tilmanocept can provide robust, stable imaging in healthy subjects as well as in patients with active RA, and provide the fundamental information needed to keep moving forward into the Phase 3. A summary of these results was presented at the 2020 EULAR meeting. In May 2020, the Company announced the results of its second interim analysis, covering Arm 3 of the trial. This Arm mirrored the upcoming Phase 3 in design and provided information relevant for sample size calculation for the Phase 3 as well as support for the hypothesis that Tc99m tilmanocept imaging can provide an early indicator of treatment efficacy of anti-TNFα therapeutics. These interim results were presented at the 2020 ACR meeting. In June 2020, the Company announced full enrollment into this trial, with imaging events completed in each patient enrolled in Arm 3.

In February 2021, the Company submitted its formal briefing book to the FDA, containing detailed analysis and discussion of the Company’s then-ongoing Phase 2b study (NAV3-31) and prior studies in RA as well as the design and statistical analysis plan for the proposed Phase 3 for FDA comment. Following the feedback received from the FDA at the end of March 2021, the Company continued to work toward completing the analysis of the full NAV3-31 trial dataset and submitted the resultant briefing book containing the results of this analysis in preparation for the standard End-of-Phase 2 Type B meeting, which took place on September 1, 2021. The Company had a constructive meeting with the FDA and, based on the discussion in this meeting and follow-up communication, made agreed-upon modifications to the trial design for the Phase 3 study (NAV3-33). The Company submitted the modified protocol back to the FDA and initiated the study in December 2021. Following additional feedback from the FDA, the Company made modifications to several of the objectives. Enrollment into the Phase 3 study is ongoing. The pivotal Phase 3 study program will determine Tc99m tilmanocept’s capability to serve as an early predictor of treatment response to anti-TNFα therapy in patients with RA. The current aim is for completion of the Phase 3 by end of 2023 with NDA submission targeted for 2024.

Cardiovascular Disease

In collaboration with researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital, Navidea has completed two investigator-initiated clinical studies evaluating Tc99m tilmanocept’s ability to enable imaging of atherosclerotic plaques. Results of these studies provide strong preliminary evidence of the potential of Tc99m tilmanocept to accumulate specifically in and enable imaging of non-calcified atherosclerotic plaques. Non-calcified atherosclerotic plaques include plaques with morphologies indicating a high risk of rupture. Rupture of such plaques causes myocardial infarctions (heart attacks) and a significant portion of ischemic strokes. The studies compared aortic Tc99m tilmanocept uptake imaged by SPECT/CT in clinically asymptomatic subjects with intermediate Framingham Risk Scores (“FRS”) who were infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (“HIV”) as compared to healthy, uninfected, FRS and age-matched subjects. Tc99m tilmanocept SPECT/CT images were compared to aortic images of the same subjects obtained by contrast enhanced coronary computed tomography angiography and/or [18F]NaF PET/CT.

A nine-subject study to evaluate diagnostic imaging of emerging atherosclerosis plaque with the Tc99m tilmanocept product dosed SC was performed (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02542371). The results of this study were presented at two major international meetings (Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections and SNMMI, 2017) and published in early release in the Journal of Infectious Diseases in January 2017 (published in the circulated version, Journal of Infectious Diseases (2017) 215 (8): 1264-1269), confirming that the Tc99m tilmanocept product can both quantitatively and qualitatively target non-calcified plaque in the aortic arch of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (“AIDS”) patients (supported by NIH/NHLBI Grant 1 R43 HL127846-01). This study was later expanded to include up to 31 participants, and has achieved full enrollment, with a manuscript submitted.

A second Phase 1/2 investigator-initiated study in cooperation with Massachusetts General Hospital in subjects with HIV was initiated that expanded the original study in both the scope of the drug administration as well as the diagnostic assessment of the subjects. This study enrolled both AIDS subjects and healthy controls in imaging non-calcified plaque using IV and SC-administered Tc99m tilmanocept and will expand the initial investigation to the assessment of aortic plaque as well as carotid and coronary arteries. Initial analysis suggested that the SC route of administration led to superior signal-to-background in areas of non-calcified plaque. These results are being further assessed.

Navidea has also been awarded a $225,000 phase 1 Small Business Technology Transfer grant (1R41HL147640-01A1) entitled Gallium 68 Tilmanocept for PET Imaging of Atherosclerosis Plaques. This grant supported a research collaboration between Navidea and Dr. Suzanne Lapi of the University of Alabama Birmingham evaluating a mouse model of atherosclerosis. This work has as its aim the evaluation of [68]gallium tilmanocept and various next generation imaging agents for visualizing plaques. Activities began in the fourth quarter of 2019. All images have been acquired with efforts now focused on final data analysis.

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

We initiated and completed a study of KS in 2015 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT022201420) and received additional funding from the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) in 2016 to continue diagnostic studies in this disease. The new support not only continues the imaging of the cutaneous form of this disease but expands this to imaging of visceral disease via IV administration of Tc99m tilmanocept (NIH/NCI 1 R44 CA192859-01A1; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03157167). This now-escalated study includes a pathology/biopsy component as well as an imaging component to determine pathology concordance with image assessment. We received Institutional Review Board approval of the clinical protocol and initiated a Phase 1/2 clinical study in KS in 2017. This trial has completed enrollment and imaging, with final data analysis and clinical study report preparation well underway.

Tuberculosis (“TB”)

In April 2019, the Company announced that Professor Mike Sathekge, MBChB, M. Med (Nuclear Medicine), PhD, Professor and Head of the Department of Nuclear Medicine in the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Pretoria/Steve Biko Academic Hospital, planned to initiate a comparative study evaluating the use of tilmanocept in patients with TB. The purpose of this ongoing study is to explore using 68Ga tilmanocept as an aid in TB patient management while contributing to the better understanding of the biology of TB granulomas. CD206+ macrophages constitute one of the most abundant cell types in TB granulomas. Therefore, a molecular probe such as 68Ga-labeled tilmanocept targeting mannose receptor CD206 expressed on macrophages holds great promise not only in understanding the biology of TB granulomas, but may also support future development of a tilmanocept-like drug delivery vehicle for delivering therapeutic interventions to TB granulomas. Navidea has provided tilmanocept for use in this study, and several subjects have been injected and imaged to date. Successful completion of this study could support an extended claim of 68Ga-tilmanocept.

Biomarker Application and Qualification

In November 2017, the Company commenced the qualification of the biomarker CD206 with the FDA Biomarker Section of The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (“CDER”). As per FDA protocol, Navidea submitted a draft letter of intent (“LOI”) to CDER prior to the November 2017 meeting. According to the CDER directive, “the Biomarker Qualification Program was established to support the CDER’s work with external stakeholders to develop biomarkers that aid in the drug development process. Through the FDA’s Biomarker Qualification Program, an entity may request regulatory qualification of a biomarker for a particular context of use (“COU”) in drug development.” Following the meeting with the FDA, and because of Navidea’s data sets and the general external publication database, Navidea, in conjunction with FDA, is now reviewing the LOI with the FDA’s recommended consultants. Navidea has revised the LOI draft strategy in order to expedite the application process. In March 2018, Navidea had a follow-up meeting with the FDA’s assigned strategist, during which the potential to further narrow the LOI elements was reviewed. Navidea is continuing the process of finalizing the COU LOI and providing the background data sets for qualification review with the FDA/CDER. Additional meetings have taken place and the pursuit of this qualification is ongoing.

Manocept Platform – In-Vitro and Pre-Clinical Immunotherapeutics Data

The Company has been developing Manocept platform drug delivery constructs that carry various payloads including doxorubicin and dexamethasone. Chemical synthesis techniques have advanced considerably, resulting in more robust and reproducible synthesis protocols that provide products with chemical attributes indicative of enhanced in vivo activity. The most advanced drug delivery construct carries a doxorubicin payload and is now in its third generation of chemical synthesis protocol design. This third-generation doxorubicin carrying construct has been extensively evaluated in human macrophage cell culture assays and in three experiments using syngeneic mouse cancer models. These experiments show that at treatment doses below what is required to kill macrophages, the doxorubicin-carrying constructs dramatically alters the immunological behavior of macrophages, making them more proinflammatory. In one of the syngeneic mouse tumor experiments, the MAN-DOX construct significantly synergized the activity of another anticancer therapy producing anti-tumor activity that was greater than either treatment alone. Results from this study were presented at the New York Academy of Sciences Frontiers in Cancer Immunotherapy 2021 conference on May 14, 2021. Near-term experiments with the Manocept doxorubicin construct include further studies in macrophage cell culture, additional syngeneic mouse tumor models, and a toxicity study in rats. Work involving a second generation Manocept dexamethasone-carrying construct has progressed to evaluations in human macrophage culture assays. Efforts developing Manocept constructs with different payloads are ongoing. Three new Manocept constructs carrying payloads other than doxorubicin or dexamethasone have progressed to evaluations in macrophage cell culture assays. These new constructs include two carrying novel bisphosphonate drugs, and the results of studies of these two constructs in macrophage cell culture assays were presented at the Tumor Myeloid-Directed Therapies Summit in June 2022.

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

The novel MAN-DOX class constructs are designed to specifically deliver doxorubicin, a chemotoxin, which can kill KS tumor cells and their tumor-associated macrophages, potentially altering the course of cancer. We received additional funding to continue therapeutic studies in this disease with the goal of completing an investigational new drug (“IND”) submission for a Manocept construct (MAN-DOX class of compounds) consisting of tilmanocept linked to doxorubicin for the treatment of KS. Efforts supported by this grant (NIH/NCI 1 R44 CA206788-01) are now complete. The results greatly advanced our knowhow for robustly and reproducibly synthesizing MAN-DOX and related constructs carrying other payloads. The grant-supported efforts were presented at the New York Academy of Sciences Frontiers in Cancer Immunotherapy 2021.

Other Immunotherapeutic Applications

The Company continues to evaluate emerging data in other disease states to define areas of focus, development pathways and partnering options to capitalize on the Manocept platform, including ongoing studies in KS, RA and infectious diseases. The immuno-inflammatory process is remarkably complex and tightly regulated with indicators that initiate, maintain and shut down the process. Macrophages are immune cells that play a critical role in the initiation, maintenance, and resolution of inflammation. They are activated and deactivated in the inflammatory process. Because macrophages may promote dysregulation that accelerates or enhances disease progression, diagnostic and therapeutic interventions that target macrophages may open new avenues for controlling inflammatory diseases. There can be no assurance that further evaluation or development will be successful, that any Manocept platform product candidate will ultimately achieve regulatory approval, or if approved, the extent to which it will achieve market acceptance.

Risks Associated with Our Business and this Offering

Our business and our ability to implement our business strategy are subject to numerous risks, as more fully described in the section of this prospectus entitled “Risk Factors” and under similarly titled headings of the documents incorporated herein by reference. You should read these risks before you invest in our securities. We may be unable, for many reasons, including those that are beyond our control, to implement our business strategy. In particular, risks associated with our business include:

In addition to the foregoing risks, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties related to the rights offering   described under “Risk Factors beginning on page 17 of this prospectus.

Recent Developments

As disclosed in the notes to the financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K and Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, the Company has been engaged in ongoing litigation with Capital Royalty Partners II L.P. (“CRG”), in its capacity as a lender and as control agent for other affiliated lenders party to the CRG Loan Agreement (collectively, the “Plaintiffs”), in the District Court of Harris County, Texas (the “Texas Court”). In April 2018, the Plaintiffs asserted claims against Navidea and Macrophage Therapeutics, Inc. for alleged breaches of a Global Settlement Agreement (“GSA”) and Loan Agreement entered into by Navidea arising from the Navidea’s challenge to the Plaintiffs’ drawing down on letters of credit in the full amount of $7,153,000 which Navidea claims resulted in an overpayment of approximately $4.2 million under the Loan Agreement. The Plaintiffs also seek declaratory judgment relief that essentially mirrors their claims for affirmative relief, i.e., that the Company breached the GSA and indemnification provision of the Loan Agreement, and that the Plaintiffs did not breach the GSA.

On November 21, 2021, the Texas Court entered an interlocutory judgment declaring that CRG did not breach the GSA, but that Navidea did breach the GSA and the indemnification provision of the CRG Loan Agreement. In the interlocutory order, the Texas Court sua sponte awarded as damages reasonable attorneys' fees in an amount, if any, to be determined at trial. The case is set for a bench trial on August 26, 2022. CRG has made a claim of approximately $2.8 million in attorneys' fees they contend they are entitled to in connection with the alleged breaches of the agreements. Navidea contends CRG have received payments in excess of the amounts owed under the CRG Loan Agreement and are not entitled to an award of attorney’s fees under the GSA or Loan Agreement. Discovery has been completed and a motion to amend the interlocutory partial summary judgment is pending. The amount of ultimate liability, if any, with respect to this action is unknown.

On January 28, 2022, the Company received a notification from the NYSE American LLC (the “NYSE American”) stating that the Company was not in compliance the $6.0 million stockholders’ equity requirement of Section 1003(a)(iii) of the NYSE American Company Guide. As required by the NYSE American, the Company submitted a plan to the NYSE American by February 28, 2022 advising of actions it has taken or will take to regain compliance with the continued listing standards by July 28, 2023.

On April 8, 2022, the Company received a notification (the “Acceptance Letter”) from the NYSE American that the Company’s plan to regain compliance was accepted. The Acceptance Letter also stated that the Company is also not in compliance with Sections 1003(a)(i) and 1003(a)(ii) of the NYSE American Company Guide, which require an issuer to have stockholders’ equity of (i) $2.0 million or more if it has reported losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in two out of its three most recent fiscal years, and (ii) $4.0 million or more if it has reported losses from continuing operations in three out of its four most recent fiscal years. The Acceptance Letter noted that the Company had stockholders’ equity of $624,743 as of December 31, 2021 and has reported net losses from continuing operations in its five most recent fiscal years ended December 31, 2021.

The NYSE American has granted the Company a plan period through July 28, 2023 to regain compliance with Sections 1003(a)(i), (ii) and (iii). If the Company is not in compliance with all continued listing standards by that date or if the Company does not make progress consistent with the plan during the plan period, the NYSE American may commence delisting procedures.

Corporate Information

Our corporate headquarters are located at 4995 Bradenton Avenue, Suite 240, Dublin, Ohio 43017-3552, and our telephone number is (614) 793-7500. We maintain a website at www.navidea.com, to which we regularly post copies of our press releases as well as additional information about us. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not a part of this prospectus. We have included our website address in this prospectus solely as an inactive textual reference.

Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), are available free of charge through the investor relations page of our internet website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

SUMMARY OF THE OFFERING

The following summary describes the principal terms of the rights offering, but is not intended to be complete. See the information under the heading “The Rights Offering” in this prospectus for a more detailed description of the terms and conditions of the rights offering.

Securities Offered

We are distributing, at no charge, to holders of our common stock, and to holders of the Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock and Series F preferred stock, non-transferrable subscription rights to purchase up to an aggregate of 35,000 Units at a subscription price of $1,000 per Unit. Each of such eligible holders will receive one (1) subscription right for each share of common stock owned or deemed to be owned as of 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on August 3, 2022. Each Unit consists of one share of Series I preferred stock and warrants to purchase 1,538 shares of our common stock. The Units will separate upon the closing of the rights offering and will be issued separately; however, they may only be purchased as a Unit and the Unit will not trade as a separate security.

Participation of Certain Holders of Warrants and Preferred Stock

The holders of the Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock and Series F preferred stock have the right to participate in this rights offering. Each of such eligible holders will receive one (1) subscription right for each share of common stock that such holder’s Underwriter Warrants are exercisable for and that such holder’s Series D or Series F preferred stock is convertible into. A total of 3,732,211 subscription rights will be issued to holders of the Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock and Series F preferred stock.

Series I Preferred Stock

Each share of Series I preferred stock will be convertible at the option of the holder at any time, into the number of shares of our common stock determined by dividing the $1,000 stated value per share of the Series I preferred stock by the conversion price of $0.65 per share, subject to adjustment.

Warrants

Each warrant entitles the holder to purchase 1,538 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.70 per share, subject to adjustment. The warrants will be immediately exercisable and will expire 5 years from the date of issuance. The warrants will be exercisable for cash and, solely during any period when a registration statement for the exercise of the warrants is not in effect, on a cashless basis. We may redeem the warrants for $0.01 per warrant if, among other factors, the volume-weighted average price of our common stock is above $2.10 for ten consecutive trading days, provided that we may not do so prior to 1 year after the issuance date.

Basic Subscription Right

The basic subscription right will entitle you to purchase one (1) Unit at a subscription price of $1,000 per Unit. You may exercise your basic subscription right for some or all of your subscription rights, or you may choose not to exercise your subscription rights. If you choose to exercise your subscription rights, there is no minimum number of Units you must purchase. We are distributing basic subscription rights to purchase an aggregate of 34,097,003 Units, but are only selling 35,000 Units in the rights offering. In the event that the rights offering is over-subscribed, rights holders will be entitled to their pro rata portion of the Units.

Over-Subscription Privilege

If you fully exercise your basic subscription right, you may also choose to exercise an over-subscription privilege to purchase additional Units in the offering. You will only be able to actually purchase additional Units pursuant to your over-subscription privilege if other eligible holders do not fully exercise their basic subscription rights and there are Units that remain unsubscribed at the expiration of the rights offering. In the event that holders exercise their over-subscription privilege such that the rights offering is over-subscribed, rights holders that have elected to exercise their over-subscription privilege will be entitled to their pro rata portion of the remaining Units.

Limitation of the Purchase of Units

In order to protect our ability to use our  net operating losses and other tax benefits to offset potential future income taxes for federal income tax purposes, we reserve the right, in our sole discretion, to limit the number of Units any person or entity, together with related persons or entities, may purchase pursuant to the exercise of basic or over-subscription privileges, where such purchase, when aggregated with their existing ownership, would result in such person or entity, together with any related persons or entities, owning 4.99% or more of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock following the closing of the rights offering unless such person or entity has obtained a prior waiver from our board of directors to acquire, own or control such shares of common stock.

Record Date

August 3, 2022.

Expiration Date of the Rights Offering

5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on August 17, 2022.

Subscription Price

$1,000 per Unit, payable in cash, provided that certain holders of the subscription rights will have the option to pay the subscription price by cancelling or exchanging their shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock and our indebtedness evidenced by the Term Note. The fair market value of the shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock, Series G preferred stock and Term Note to be cancelled or exchanged has been determined by our board of directors based on an independent appraisal obtained by us. We received a letter dated August 3, 2022 from counsel for the holder of the Series D preferred stock objecting to the fair market value of the shares as determined by our board based upon the independent appraisal. To be effective, any payment related to the exercise of a right must clear prior to the expiration date of the rights offering.

Procedure for Exercising Subscription Rights

To exercise your subscription rights, you must take the following steps:

Payment Adjustments

If you send a payment that is insufficient to purchase the number of Units requested, or if the number of Units requested is not specified in the Rights Certificate, the payment received will be applied to exercise subscription rights to the extent of the payment. If the payment exceeds the amount necessary for the full exercise of your subscription rights, including any over-subscription privilege exercised and permitted, the excess will be returned to you promptly in cash. You will not receive interest or a deduction on any payments refunded to you under the rights offering.

Delivery of Securities

As soon as practicable after the expiration of the rights offering, payment for the Units subscribed for has cleared, and all prorating calculations and reductions contemplated by the terms of the rights offering have been effected, we expect to close on subscriptions and for the Subscription Agent to arrange for the issuance of the shares of Series I preferred stock and warrants purchased pursuant to the rights offering. All Series I preferred shares and warrants that are purchased in the rights offering will be issued in book-entry, or uncertificated, form meaning that you will receive a direct registration, or DRS, account statement from our transfer agent reflecting ownership of these securities if you are a holder of record. If you currently hold your securities in the name of a bank, broker, dealer, or other nominee, DTC will credit your account with your nominee with the securities you purchased in the rights offering.

No Revocation

Except as described below, all exercises of subscription rights are irrevocable, even if you later learn of information that you consider to be unfavorable to the exercise of your subscription rights.

Use of Proceeds

We are conducting the rights offering for funding our pivotal Phase 3 trial for RA (NAV3-33), obtaining regulatory approvals, working capital, and for general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds” for a more detailed description of the intended use of proceeds from the rights offering.

Non-Transferability of Rights

The subscription rights granted to you may be exercised only by you, and, therefore, you may not sell, transfer or assign your subscription rights to anyone else.

Extension, Amendment and Termination

Although we do not presently intend to do so, we may extend the rights offering for additional time in our sole discretion for any reason for up to an additional 45 days. For example, we may decide that changes in the market price of our common stock warrant an extension, or we may decide that the degree of stockholder participation in the rights offering is less than the level we desire. In the event that we decide to extend the rights offering and you have already exercised your subscription rights, your subscription payment will remain with the Subscription Agent until such time as the rights offering closes or is terminated. We also reserve the right to amend or modify the terms of the rights offering, as appropriate. Our board of directors may for any reason terminate the rights offering at any time before the expiration of the rights offering. In the event that the rights offering is cancelled, all subscription payments received by the Subscription Agent will be returned, without interest or deduction, as soon as practicable.

If we should make any fundamental changes to the terms set forth in this prospectus, we will (i) file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, (ii) offer potential purchasers who have subscribed for rights the opportunity to cancel such subscriptions and issue a refund of any money advanced by such stockholder or eligible warrant holder, and (iii) recirculate an updated prospectus after the post-effective amendment is declared effective with the SEC.

Subscription Agent and Information Agent

Broadridge will serve as our subscription agent and information agent for the rights offering.

Dealer-Manager

Maxim Group LLC will act as dealer-manager for the rights offering.

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences

Although the authorities governing transactions such as the rights offering are complex and unclear in certain respects, we believe and intend to take the position that the distribution of subscription rights to you with respect to your shares of our stock should generally be treated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as a non-taxable distribution. See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” beginning on page 31. You should consult your tax advisor as to the particular consequences to you of the rights offering.

Shares To Be Outstanding Immediately After the Rights Offering

As of July 29, 2022, 30,364,792 shares of our common stock were issued and outstanding. Assuming no additional shares of capital stock are issued by us prior to the expiration of the rights offering, and assuming the rights offering is fully subscribed for cash, we will have 30,364,792 shares of common stock, 22,077 shares of Series D preferred stock, 1,740 shares of Series F preferred stock, 3,260 shares of Series G preferred stock, 35,000 shares of Series I preferred stock, and warrants to purchase 47,088,991 additional shares of our common stock issued and outstanding.

The number of shares of our common stock outstanding prior to and immediately after this rights offering, as set forth above, excludes the following potentially dilutive securities as of July 29, 2022:

Risk Factors

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully read and consider the information on page 17 of this prospectus set forth under the headings “Risk Factors” and all other information set forth in this prospectus and the documents incorporated herein by reference before deciding to invest in our common stock.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends to the holders of our common stock and we do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain any earnings for use in connection with the expansion of our business and for general corporate purposes.

NYSE American Symbol for Common Stock

NAVB

Market for Series I Preferred Stock and Warrants

There is no established trading market for the Series I preferred stock and for the warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop for either of them.  We do not intend to apply for listing of the Series I preferred stock and the warrants on any securities exchange or recognized trading system.

Warrant Agent, Transfer Agent and Registrar

Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC

One State Street, 30^th Floor

New York, NY 10004

(212) 509-4000

Questions

If you have any questions about the rights offering, please contact the information agent, Broadridge, toll free at (888) 789-8409 or by email at shareholder@broadridge.com.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE RIGHTS OFFERING

The following are examples of what we anticipate may be common questions about the rights offering. The answers are based on selected information included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following questions and answers do not contain all of the information that may be important to you and may not address all of the questions that you may have about the rights offering. This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus contain more detailed descriptions of the terms and conditions of the rights offering and provide additional information about us and our business, including potential risks related to the rights offering, the shares of common stock offered hereby, and our business. We urge you to read this entire prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

Why are we conducting the rights offering?

We are conducting the offering to raise capital that we intend to use for funding our pivotal Phase 3 trial for Rheumatoid Arthritis (NAV3-33), obtaining regulatory approvals, working capital, and general corporate purposes.

What is the rights offering?

We are distributing to holders of our common stock, and holders of the Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock and Series F preferred stock, at no charge, non-transferable subscription rights to purchase Units. On the Record Date, August 3, 2022, you will receive one (1) subscription right for each whole share of common stock that you owned or were deemed to own as of 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on August 3, 2022. Each subscription right will entitle the holder to a basic subscription right and an over-subscription privilege.

What is a Unit?

Each Unit consists of one (1) share of Series I preferred stock and a warrant to purchase 1,538 shares of common stock, at a subscription price of $1,000 per Unit. We do not intend to issue fractional Units. The shares of Series I preferred stock and warrants that comprise each Unit are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this rights offering, however, they may only be purchased as a Unit, and the Units will not trade as a separate security.

What is the basic subscription right?

Each basic subscription right will entitle you to purchase one (1) Unit at the subscription price. For example, if you owned or were deemed to own 100 shares of common stock on the Record Date, you will receive 100 subscription rights to purchase 100 shares of our Series I preferred stock and warrants to purchase 153,800 shares of our common stock for a total payment of $100,000. You may exercise all or a portion of your basic subscription right or you may choose not to exercise any basic subscription right at all. If you choose to exercise your subscription rights, there is no minimum number of Units you must purchase. We are distributing basic subscription rights to purchase an aggregate of 34,097,003 Units, but are only selling 35,000 Units in the rights offering. In the event that the rights offering is over-subscribed, rights holders will be entitled to their pro rata portion of the Units. If enough Units are available, we will seek to honor your basic subscription right in full. If basic subscription rights requests exceed the number of Units available, however, we will allocate the available Units pro-rata among the rights holders exercising the basic subscription rights in proportion to the number of shares of our common stock each of those rights holders owned or were deemed to own on the Record Date, relative to the number of shares owned or deemed to be owned on the Record Date by all rights holders exercising the basic subscription right. If this pro-rata allocation results in any rights holders receiving a greater number of Units than the rights holder subscribed for pursuant to the exercise of the basic subscription right, then such record holder will be allocated only that number of Units for which the record holder subscribed, and the remaining Units will be allocated among all other rights holders exercising the basic subscription right on the same pro rata basis described above. The proration process will be repeated until all Units have been allocated.

If you are a record holder, the number of shares and warrants you may purchase pursuant to your basic subscription right is indicated on the subscription rights certificate. If you hold your common stock, Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock or Series F preferred stock in the name of a broker, dealer, bank, or other nominee who uses the services of the Depository Trust Company, or DTC, you will not receive a subscription rights statement. Instead, DTC will issue your subscription rights to your nominee record holder for each share of our common stock that you own or are deemed to own as of the Record Date. If you are not contacted by your nominee, you should contact your nominee as soon as possible.

What is the over-subscription privilege?

If you exercise your basic subscription right in full, you may also choose to exercise your over-subscription privilege to purchase a portion of the Units that the other rights holders do not purchase through the exercise of their basic subscription right. You should indicate on your subscription rights certificate, or the form provided by your nominee if your shares or Underwriter Warrants are held in the name of a nominee, the number of additional Units you would like to apply to purchase pursuant to your over-subscription privilege.

If enough Units are available, we will seek to honor your over-subscription request in full. If over-subscription requests exceed the number of Units available, however, we will allocate the available Units pro-rata among the rights holders exercising the over-subscription privilege in proportion to the number of shares of our common stock each of those rights holders owned or were deemed to own on the Record Date, relative to the number of shares owned or deemed to be owned on the Record Date by all rights holders exercising the over-subscription privilege. If this pro-rata allocation results in any rights holders receiving a greater number of Units than the rights holder subscribed for pursuant to the exercise of the over-subscription privilege, then such record holder will be allocated only that number of Units for which the record holder subscribed, and the remaining Units will be allocated among all other rights holders exercising the over-subscription privilege on the same pro rata basis described above. The proration process will be repeated until all Units have been allocated.

To properly exercise your over-subscription privilege, you must deliver to the subscription agent the subscription payment related to your over-subscription privilege before the rights offering expires. See “The Rights Offering — Over-Subscription Privilege.” To the extent you properly exercise your over-subscription privilege for a number of Units that exceeds the number of unsubscribed Units available to you, any excess subscription payments will be returned to you as soon as practicable after the expiration of the rights offering, without interest or penalty.

Our subscription agent for the rights offering will determine the over-subscription allocation based on the formula described above.

Are there any limits on the number of shares I may purchase in the rights offering or own as a result of the rights offering?

In order to protect our ability to use our  net operating losses and other tax benefits to offset potential future income taxes for federal income tax purposes, we reserve the right, in our sole discretion, to limit the number of Units any person or entity, together with related persons or entities, may purchase pursuant to the exercise of basic or over-subscription privileges, where such purchase, when aggregated with their existing ownership, would result in such person or entity, together with any related persons or entities, owning 4.99% or more of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock following the closing of the rights offering unless such person or entity has obtained a prior waiver from our board of directors to acquire, own or control such shares of common stock

May the Subscription Rights that I exercise be reduced for any reason?

Yes. While we are distributing to holders of our common stock, holders of the Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock and Series F preferred stock, one subscription right for every share of common stock owned or deemed to be owned on the Record Date, we are only seeking to raise $35 million dollars in gross proceeds in this rights offering. As a result, based on 30,364,792 shares of common stock outstanding as of July 29, 2022, 189,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Underwriter Warrants, 1,368,211 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series D preferred stock and 2,175,000 shares of common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series F preferred stock, we would grant subscription rights to acquire 34,097,003 Units but will only accept subscriptions for 35,000 Units. Accordingly, enough Units may not be available to honor your subscription in full. If exercises of basic subscription rights exceed the number of Units available in the rights offering, we will allocate the available Units pro-rata among the holders exercising the basic subscription rights in proportion to the number of shares of our common stock (including each share of common stock issuable upon exercise of the Underwriter Warrants and conversion of Series D preferred stock and Series F preferred stock) each of those holders owned on the Record Date, relative to the number of shares owned on the Record Date by all record holders exercising the basic subscription right. If this pro-rata allocation results in any record holders receiving a greater number of Units than the record holder subscribed for pursuant to the exercise of the basic subscription rights, then such record holder will be allocated only that number of Units for which the record holder subscribed, and the remaining Units will be allocated among all other record holders exercising their basic subscription rights on the same pro rata basis described above. The proration process will be repeated until all Units have been allocated. Please also see the discussion under “The Rights Offering--Over-Subscription Privilege” and “The Rights Offering--Limitation on the Purchase of Units” for a description potential proration as to the over-subscription privilege and certain stock ownership limitations.

If for any reason the number of Units allocated to you is less than you have subscribed for, then the excess funds held by the Subscription Agent on your behalf will be returned to you, without interest, as soon as practicable after the rights offering has expired and all prorating calculations and reductions contemplated by the terms of the rights offering have been effected, and we will have no further obligations to you.

What are the terms of the Series I preferred stock?

Each share of Series I preferred stock will be convertible at the option of the holder at any time, into the number of shares of our common stock determined by dividing the $1,000 stated value per share of the Series I preferred stock by the conversion price of $0.65 per share, subject to adjustment. The Series I preferred stock has certain conversion rights and dividend rights as described in more detail herein.

What are the terms of the warrants?

Each warrant entitles the holder to purchase 1,538 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.70 per share from the date of issuance through its expiration five years from the date of issuance. The warrants will be exercisable for cash, or, solely during any period when a registration statement for the exercise of the warrants is not in effect, on a cashless basis. We may redeem the warrants for $0.01 per warrant at any time 1 year after the issuance date if, among other conditions, the volume-weighted average price of our common stock is above $2.10 for ten consecutive trading days.

Are the Series I preferred stock or warrants listed?

There is no public trading market for the Series I preferred stock or warrants and we do not intend that they will be listed for trading on NYSE American or any other securities exchange or recognized trading system. The warrants will be issued in registered form under a warrant agent agreement with Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, as warrant agent.

Will fractional shares be issued upon exercise of subscription rights, the conversion of the Series I preferred stock or the exercise of warrants?

We do not intend to issue fractional shares of Series I preferred stock or fractional shares of common stock upon exercise of warrants issued in the rights offering. To the extent that rounding occurs, any excess subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be returned as soon as practicable after expiration of the rights offering, without interest or penalty.

In addition, no fractional shares of common stock will be issued as a result of the conversion of the Series I preferred stock or the exercise of warrants. Instead, for any such fractional share that would otherwise have been issuable upon conversion of shares of Series I preferred stock, we may, at our election, pay a cash payment equal to such fraction multiplied by the conversion price or round up to the next whole share, and for any such fractional share that would have otherwise been issued upon exercise of warrants, the we will round up such fraction to the next whole share. For clarity, we may issue fractional shares of Series I preferred stock as part of the rights offering

What effect will the rights offering have on our outstanding common stock?

On July 29, 2022, 30,364,792 shares of our common stock were outstanding. Assuming no additional shares of common stock are issued by us prior to the expiration of the rights offering, assuming this rights offering is fully subscribed for cash, approximately 30,364,792 shares of our common stock will be issued and outstanding; 35,000 shares of Series I preferred stock will be issued and outstanding and convertible into an aggregate of  53,830,000 shares of our common stock; and warrants to purchase  an additional 53,830,000 shares of our common stock will be outstanding. The exact number of shares of Series I preferred stock and warrants that we will issue in this rights offering will depend on the number of Units that are subscribed for in the rights offering.

How was the subscription price formula determined?

Our board of directors determined the subscription price taking into consideration, among other things, the following factors:

In conjunction with the review of these factors, our board of directors reviewed our history and prospects, including our past and present earnings and cash requirements, our prospects for the future, the outlook for our industry and our current financial condition. Our board of directors believes that the subscription price should be designed to provide an incentive to our current stockholders to participate in the rights offering and exercise their basic subscription right and their over-subscription privilege.

The subscription price does not necessarily bear any relationship to any established criteria for value. You should not consider the subscription price as an indication of actual value of our company or our common stock. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common stock will not decline during or after the rights offering. You should obtain a current price quote for our common stock and perform an independent assessment of our series I preferred stock and warrants before exercising your subscription rights and make your own assessment of our business and financial condition, our prospects for the future, and the terms of this rights offering. Once made, all exercises of subscription rights are irrevocable.

Am I required to exercise all of the basic subscription right I receive in the rights offering?

No. You may exercise any number of your basic subscription rights, or you may choose not to exercise any basic subscription right. If you do not exercise any basic subscription right, the number of shares of our common stock you own will not change. However, if you choose not to exercise your basic subscription right in full, your proportionate ownership interest in our company may decrease. If you do not exercise your basic subscription right in full, you will not be entitled to exercise your over-subscription privilege.

How soon must I act to exercise my subscription rights?

If you received a subscription rights certificate and elect to exercise any or all of your subscription rights, the subscription agent must receive your completed and signed subscription rights certificate and payment for both your basic subscription right and any over-subscription privilege you elect to exercise before the rights offering expires on August 17, 2022, at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time. If you hold your common stock, Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock or Series F preferred stock in the name of a broker, dealer, custodian bank, or other nominee, your nominee may establish a deadline before the expiration of the rights offering by which you must provide it with your instructions to exercise your subscription rights, along with the required subscription payment.

May I transfer my subscription rights?

No. The subscription rights may be exercised only by the eligible stockholders or warrant holders to whom they are distributed, and they may not be sold, transferred, assigned or given away to anyone else, other than by operation of law. As a result, a subscription rights certificate may be completed only by the stockholder or warrant holder who receives the statement. The subscription rights will not be listed for trading on any stock exchange or market.

Is Navidea requiring a minimum subscription amount to complete the rights offering?

There is no aggregate minimum subscription amount we must receive to complete the rights offering.

Is there any back-stop or standby purchase commitment in place to purchase rights that are not exercised in the offering?

No, there is not a back-stop or standby purchase commitment in place to purchase rights that are not exercised in the rights offering.

If the rights offering is not completed, will my subscription payment be refunded to me?

Yes. The subscription agent will hold all funds it receives in escrow until completion of the rights offering. If the rights offering is not completed, the subscription agent will return promptly, without interest, all subscription payments. If you own shares or Underwriter Warrants in “street name,” it may take longer for you to receive your subscription payment because the subscription agent will return payments through the record holder of your shares or Underwriter Warrants. We reserve the right to terminate the offering at any time if, due to market conditions or otherwise, our board of directors deems it advisable not to proceed with the rights offering.

Will our directors and executive officers participate in the rights offering?

To the extent they hold common stock or Series F preferred stock as of the Record Date, our directors and executive officers will be entitled to participate in the rights offering on the same terms and conditions applicable to other rights holders, except that John K. Scott, Jr., who is a member of our board of directors, will have the option to pay the subscription price in this rights offering by cancelling or exchanging his shares of Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock and the outstanding principal amount of and accrued but unpaid interest under our Term Note payable to him. None of our directors or executive officers has entered into any binding commitment or agreement to exercise subscription rights received in the rights offering. The fair market value of the shares of Series F preferred stock, Series G preferred stock and Term Note to be cancelled or exchanged has been determined by our board of directors based on an independent appraisal obtained by us. We received a letter dated August 3, 2022 from counsel for the holder of the Series D preferred stock objecting to the fair market value of the shares as determined by our board based upon the independent appraisal. 

Mr. Scott beneficially owns 10,253,534 shares of our common stock, representing 31.5% of the outstanding shares, including shares issuable upon the conversion, if any, of Series F preferred stock. Mr. Scott may exercise some or all of his subscription rights, but he has not made any a decision with respect to exercising his basic subscription right or over-subscription privilege at this time. If Mr. Scott fully exercises his basic subscription right and fully or partially exercises his over-subscription privilege, Mr. Scott could become the beneficial owner of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock. In this event, Mr. Scott could control the election of all members of our board of directors and could control the results of all future stockholder votes.

Has the board of directors made a recommendation to stockholders regarding the rights offering?

No. Our board of directors is not making a recommendation regarding your exercise of the subscription rights. Rights holders who exercise subscription rights will incur investment risk on new money invested. We cannot predict the price at which our shares of common stock will trade after the rights offering. You should make your decision based on your assessment of our business and financial condition, our prospects for the future, the terms of the rights offering and the information contained in this prospectus. See “Risk Factors” for discussion of some of the risks involved in investing in our securities.

How do I exercise my subscription rights?

If you hold your common stock, Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock or Series F preferred stock in your name and not through a broker, dealer, bank, or other nominee) on the Record Date and you wish to participate in the rights offering, you must deliver a properly completed and signed subscription rights certificate, together with payment of the subscription price for both your basic subscription right and any over-subscription privilege you elect to exercise, to the subscription agent before 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time, on August 17, 2022. If you are exercising your subscription rights through your broker, dealer, bank, or other nominee, you should promptly contact your broker, dealer, bank, or other nominee and submit your subscription documents and payment for the shares of common stock subscribed for in accordance with the instructions and within the time period provided by your broker, dealer, bank or other nominee.

What if my shares are held in “street name”?

If you hold your common stock, Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock or Series F preferred stock in the name of a broker, dealer, bank, or other nominee, then your broker, dealer, bank, or other nominee is the record holder of the shares you own. The record holder must exercise the subscription rights on your behalf. Therefore, you will need to have your record holder act for you.

If you wish to participate in this rights offering and purchase Units, please promptly contact the record holder of your shares. We will ask the record holder, who may be your broker, dealer, bank, or other nominee, to notify you of this rights offering.

What form of payment is required?

You must timely pay the full subscription price pursuant to the exercise of subscription rights by delivering to the subscription agent a cashier’s check, certified check, bank draft or personal check that clears before the expiration date or a wire transfer of immediately available funds. However, certain holders of the subscription rights will have the option to pay the subscription price by cancelling or exchanging their shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock and the outstanding principal amount of and accrued but unpaid interest under the Term Note. The fair market value of the shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock to be cancelled or exchanged has been determined by our board of directors based on an independent appraisal obtained by us. We received a letter dated August 3, 2022 from counsel for the holder of the Series D preferred stock objecting to the fair market value of the shares as determined by our board based upon the independent appraisal. 

Please note that funds paid by uncertified personal check may take at least five (5) business days to clear. If you decide to pay by means of an uncertified personal check, we urge you to make payment sufficiently in advance of the expiration date to ensure that the subscription agent receives cleared funds before that time.

When will I receive my new shares of Series I preferred stock and warrants?

The subscription agent will arrange for the issuance of the Series I preferred stock and warrants as soon as practicable after the expiration of the rights offering, payment for the Units subscribed for has cleared, and all prorating calculations and reductions contemplated by the terms of the rights offering have been effected. All shares and warrants that you purchase in the rights offering will be issued in book-entry, or uncertificated, form meaning that you will receive a direct registration (DRS) account statement from our transfer agent reflecting ownership of these securities if you are a holder of record. If you hold your shares or Underwriter Warrants in the name of a broker, dealer, bank, or other nominee, DTC will credit your account with your nominee with the securities you purchase in the rights offering.

After I send in my payment and subscription rights certificate to the subscription agent, may I cancel my exercise of subscription rights?

No. Exercises of subscription rights are irrevocable unless the rights offering is terminated, even if you later learn information that you consider to be unfavorable to the exercise of your subscription rights. You should not exercise your subscription rights unless you are certain that you wish to participate in the rights offering.

How much will Navidea receive from the rights offering?

Assuming the rights offering is fully subscribed for cash, including any over-subscription privilege, we estimate that the net proceeds from the rights offering will be approximately $32.3 million, after deducting fees and expenses payable to the dealer-manager and other estimated offering expenses payable by us, and excluding any proceeds received upon exercise of any warrants. If all warrants included in the Units are exercised for cash, we will receive an additional $37.7 million.

If certain holders of the subscription rights elect to pay the subscription price by cancelling or exchanging all of their shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock and the entire principal balance of and accrued interest under the Term Note, and assuming the rights offering is fully subscribed, we estimate that the net proceeds from the rights offering will be approximately $22.1 million.

Are there risks in exercising my subscription rights?

Yes. The exercise of your subscription rights involves risks. Exercising your subscription rights Units involves buying shares of our Series I preferred stock and warrants to purchase our common stock and you should consider this investment as carefully as you would consider any other investment. We do not intend to list our Series I preferred stock and warrants on NYSE American and a market for the Series I preferred stock and warrants does not exist. You should carefully consider the risks described under the heading “Risk Factors” for discussion of some of the risks involved in investing in our securities.

Can the board of directors terminate or extend the rights offering?

Yes. Our board of directors may decide to terminate the rights offering at any time and for any reason before the expiration of the rights offering. We also have the right to extend the rights offering for additional periods in our sole discretion for up to an additional 45 days. We do not presently intend to extend the rights offering. We will notify stockholders and the public if the rights offering is terminated or extended by issuing a press release announcing the extension no later than 9:00 a.m., Eastern Time, on the next business day after the most recently announced expiration date of the rights offering. In the event that we decide to extend the rights offering and you have already exercised your subscription rights, your subscription payment will remain with the Subscription Agent until such time as the rights offering closes or is terminated.

Our board of directors also reserves the right to amend or modify the terms of the rights offering in its sole discretion. If we should make any fundamental changes to the terms of the rights offering set forth in this prospectus, we will file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement in which this prospectus is included, offer potential purchasers who have subscribed for rights the opportunity to cancel such subscriptions and issue a refund of any money advanced by such stockholder and recirculate an updated prospectus after the post-effective amendment is declared effective by the SEC. In addition, upon such event, we may extend the expiration date of the rights offering to allow holders of rights ample time to make new investment decisions and for us to recirculate updated documentation. Promptly following any such occurrence, we will issue a press release announcing any changes with respect to the rights offering and the new expiration date. The terms of the rights offering cannot be modified or amended after the expiration date of the rights offering. Although we do not presently intend to do so, we may choose to amend or modify the terms of the rights offering for any reason, including, without limitation, in order to increase participation in the rights offering. Such amendments or modifications may include a change in the subscription price, although no such change is presently contemplated. If we should make any fundamental changes to the terms set forth in this prospectus, we will (i) file a post-effective amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, (ii) offer potential purchasers who have subscribed for rights the opportunity to cancel such subscriptions, and (iii) issue a refund of any money advanced by such stockholder or eligible warrant holder and recirculate an updated prospectus after the post-effective amendment is declared effective with the SEC.

If the rights offering is not completed or is terminated, will my subscription payment be refunded to me?

Yes. The Subscription agent will hold all funds it receives in a segregated bank account until completion of the rights offering. If we cancel the offering, you will receive a refund of the money you have advanced, without interest. If you own stock or warrants in “street name,” it may take longer for you to receive your subscription payment because the Subscription agent will return payments through the record holder of your stock or warrants.

How do I exercise my subscription rights if I live outside the United States?

The Subscription agent will hold subscription rights certificates for stockholders having addresses outside the United States. To exercise subscription rights, foreign stockholders must notify the subscription agent and timely follow other procedures described in the section entitled “The Rights Offering — Foreign Stockholders”.

What fees or charges apply if I purchase Units?

We are not charging any fee or sales commission to issue subscription rights to you or to issue shares of Series I preferred stock or warrants to you if you exercise your subscription rights. If you exercise your subscription rights through the record holder of your shares, you are responsible for paying any fees your record holder may charge you.

What are the U.S. federal income tax consequences of exercising subscription rights?

The U.S. federal income tax consequences of the rights offering will depend on whether the rights offering is part of a “disproportionate distribution.” We intend to take the reporting position that the subscription rights issued to stockholders pursuant to the rights offering (a) are not part of a “disproportionate distribution” and (b) will not be a taxable distribution with respect to your existing securities. The disproportionate distribution rules are complicated, however, and their application is uncertain, and thus we are unable to obtain a definitive tax counsel opinion regarding the application of such rules. The position we are taking is not binding on the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) or the courts and it is possible that the IRS could successfully challenge our reporting position and assert that the rights offering is a taxable distribution. You should consult your tax advisor as to the tax consequences of the rights offering in light of your particular circumstances. For a more detailed discussion, see “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” on page 31.

To whom should I send my forms and payment?

If your shares are held in the name of a broker, dealer or other nominee, then you should send your subscription documents, rights certificate, notices of guaranteed delivery and subscription payment to that record holder. If you are the record holder, then you should send your subscription documents, rights certificate, notices of guaranteed delivery and subscription payment by registered mail, return receipt requested or courier service to:

You are solely responsible for completing delivery to the subscription agent of your subscription documents, rights certificate and payment. We urge you to allow sufficient time for delivery of your subscription materials to the subscription agent.

Whom should I contact if I have other questions?

If you have any questions about the rights offering, including questions about subscription procedures and requests for additional copies of this prospectus or other documents, please contact the information agent, Broadridge, at (888) 789-8409 or by email at shareholder@broadridge.com.

Who is the dealer-manager?

Maxim Group LLC is acting as the sole dealer-manager for the rights offering. Under the terms and subject to the conditions contained in the dealer-manager agreement, the dealer-manager will provide marketing assistance in connection with the exercise of subscription rights. We have agreed to pay the dealer-manager certain fees for acting as dealer-manager and to reimburse the dealer-manager for certain out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with this offering. The dealer-manager is not underwriting or placing any of the subscription rights or the shares of our Series I preferred stock or warrants being issued in the rights offering and is not making any recommendation with respect to such subscription rights (including with respect to the exercise or expiration of such subscription rights), shares of Series I preferred stock or warrants.

RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Prior to making a decision about investing in our securities, you should carefully consider the risk factors set forth below, the other information contained in this prospectus and any other risks described in our filings with the SEC, including but not limited to under the section entitled “Risk Factors” contained in our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as amended or supplemented by subsequently filed quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and Current Reports on Form 8-K. Any of these risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. In such a case, you may lose all or part of your investment. The risks described below and referenced above are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or those we currently view to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and cash flows. If any of the risks or uncertainties described in this prospectus or our SEC filings or any such additional risks and uncertainties actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, which could cause our actual operating results to differ materially from those indicated or suggested by forward-looking statements made in this prospectus or our SEC filings or presented elsewhere by management from time to time. In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. Please also see “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” beginning on page 2.

Risks Related to this Rights Offering and Our Common Stock

Our failure to maintain continued compliance with the listing requirements of the NYSE American exchange could result in the delisting of our common stock.

Our common stock has been listed on the NYSE American since February 2011. The rules of NYSE American provide that shares be delisted from trading in the event the financial condition and/or operating results of the Company appear to be unsatisfactory, the extent of public distribution or the aggregate market value of the Common Stock has become so reduced as to make further dealings on the NYSE American inadvisable, the Company has sold or otherwise disposed of its principal operating assets, or has ceased to be an operating company, or the Company has failed to comply with its listing agreements with the NYSE American. For example, the NYSE American may consider suspending trading in, or removing the listing of, securities of an issuer that has stockholders’ equity of less than (i) $2.0 million if such issuer has sustained losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in two of its three most recent fiscal years, (ii) $4.0 million if such issuer has sustained losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in three of its four most recent fiscal years, and (iii) $6.0 million if such issuer has sustained losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in its five most recent fiscal years.

On January 28, 2022, the Company received a notification from the NYSE American LLC (the “NYSE American”) stating that the Company was not in compliance the $6.0 million stockholders’ equity requirement of Section 1003(a)(iii) of the NYSE American Company Guide. As required by the NYSE American, the Company submitted a plan to the NYSE American by February 28, 2022 advising of actions it has taken or will take to regain compliance with the continued listing standards by July 28, 2023.

On April 8, 2022, the Company received a notification (the “Acceptance Letter”) from the NYSE American that the Company’s plan to regain compliance was accepted. The Acceptance Letter also stated that the Company is also not in compliance with Sections 1003(a)(i) and 1003(a)(ii) of the NYSE American Company Guide, which require an issuer to have stockholders’ equity of (i) $2.0 million or more if it has reported losses from continuing operations and/or net losses in two out of its three most recent fiscal years, and (ii) $4.0 million or more if it has reported losses from continuing operations in three out of its four most recent fiscal years. The Acceptance Letter noted that the Company had stockholders’ equity of $624,743 as of December 31, 2021 and has reported net losses from continuing operations in its five most recent fiscal years ended December 31, 2021.

The NYSE American has granted the Company a plan period through July 28, 2023 to regain compliance with Sections 1003(a)(i), (ii) and (iii). If the Company is not in compliance with all continued listing standards by that date or if the Company does not make progress consistent with the plan during the plan period, the NYSE American may commence delisting procedures.

Our common stock will continue to be listed on the NYSE American while we attempt to regain compliance with the listing standard noted, subject to our compliance with other continued listing requirements. Our common stock will continue to trade under the symbol “NAVB,” but will have an added designation of “.BC” to indicate that we are not in compliance with the NYSE American’s listing standards. The NYSE American notification does not affect our business operations or our SEC reporting requirements and does not conflict with or cause an event of default under any of our material agreements.

The delisting of our common stock from the NYSE American likely would reduce the trading volume and liquidity in our common stock and may lead to decreases in the trading price of our common stock. The delisting of our common stock may also materially impair our stockholders’ ability to buy and sell shares of our common stock. In addition, the delisting of our common stock could significantly impair our ability to raise capital.

As a result of the rights offering, a major stockholder may become the majority holder of our common stock and may have the ability to control the election of directors and all other stockholder votes.

John K. Scott, Jr., who is a member of our Board of Directors, beneficially owns 10,253,534 shares of common stock, representing 31.5% of the outstanding common stock. Mr. Scott may exercise some or all of his subscription rights, but he has not made a decision with respect to exercising his basic subscription right or over-subscription privilege at this time. If Mr. Scott fully exercises his basic subscription right and fully or partially exercises his over-subscription privilege to purchase additional Units that remain unsubscribed, Mr. Scott could become the beneficial owner of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock. In this event, Mr. Scott could control the election of all members of our Board of Directors and could control the results of all stockholder votes.

The subscription price determined for this rights offering is not necessarily an indication of our value.

In determining the subscription price, our board of directors considered a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our need to raise capital in the near term to continue our operations, the current and historical trading prices of our common stock, a price that would increase the likelihood of participation in the rights offering, the cost of capital from other sources, the value of the Series I preferred stock and warrants being issued as components of the Unit, and comparable precedent transactions. The subscription price does not necessarily bear any relationship to any established criteria for value. No valuation consultant or investment banker has opined upon the fairness or adequacy of the subscription price. You should not consider the subscription price as an indication of the value of our company or our common stock.

The rights offering may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Depending upon the market price of our common stock at the time of our announcement of the rights offering and its terms, including the subscription price, together with the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion or exercise of the Series I preferred stock and warrants we could issue if the rights offering is completed, may result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock. This decrease may continue after the completion of the rights offering. If that occurs, you may have committed to purchase shares of our common stock at a price greater than the prevailing market price. Further, if a substantial number of subscription rights are exercised and holders of the shares received upon conversion or exercise of the Series I preferred stock and warrants received in the rights offering choose to sell some or all the shares of common stock, the resulting sales could depress the market price of our common stock.

Because you may not revoke or change your exercise of the subscription rights, you could be committed to buying shares above the prevailing market price at the time the rights offering is completed.

Once you exercise your subscription rights, you may not revoke or change the exercise. The market price of our common stock may decline before the subscription rights expire. If you exercise your subscription rights, and, afterwards, the market price of our common stock decreases below the subscription price, you will have committed to buying shares of our common stock at a price above the prevailing market price and could have an immediate unrealized loss.

Our common stock is traded on the NYSE American Exchange under the symbol “NAVB,” and the closing sale price of our common stock on August 1, 2022 was $0.60 per share. There can be no assurances that the market price of our common stock will equal or exceed the subscription price at the time of exercise or at the expiration of the subscription rights offering period.

You may not be able to resell any shares of our common stock that you purchase pursuant to the exercise of subscription rights immediately upon expiration of the subscription rights offering period or be able to sell your shares at a price equal to or greater than the subscription price.

If you exercise subscription rights, you may not be able to resell the common stock purchased by exercising your subscription rights until you, or your broker, custodian bank or other nominee, if applicable, have received those shares. Moreover, you will have no rights as a shareholder of the shares you purchased in the rights offering until we issue the shares to you. Although we will endeavor to issue the shares as soon as practicable after completion of the rights offering, including the guaranteed delivery period and after all necessary calculations have been completed, there may be a delay between the expiration date of the rights offering and the time that the shares are issued. In addition, we cannot assure you that, following the exercise of your subscription rights, you will be able to sell your common stock at a price equal to or greater than the subscription price.

You may not receive all of the Units for which you subscribe.

While we are distributing to holders of shares and Underwriter Warrants one subscription right for every share of common stock owned or deemed to be owned on the Record Date, we are only seeking to raise $35 million dollars in gross proceeds in this rights offering. As a result, based on 30,364,792 shares of common stock outstanding, 22,077 shares of Series D preferred stock outstanding, 1,740 shares of Series F preferred stock outstanding and 189,000 Underwriter Warrants outstanding, in each case, as of July 29, 2022, we would grant subscription rights to acquire 34,097,003 Units but will only accept subscriptions for 35,000 Units. Accordingly, enough Units may not be available to honor your subscription in full. If excess Units are available after the exercise of basic subscription rights, holders who fully exercise their basic subscription rights will be entitled to subscribe for an additional number of Units. Over-subscription privileges will be allocated pro rata among rights holders who over-subscribed. We cannot guarantee that you will receive any or the entire number of Units for which you subscribed. If for any reason the number of Units allocated to you is less than you have subscribed for, then the excess funds held by the subscription agent on your behalf will be returned to you, without interest, as soon as practicable after the rights offering has expired and all prorating calculations and reductions contemplated by the terms of the rights offering have been effected, and we will have no further obligations to you.

If you do not exercise your subscription rights in full, your interest in Navidea may be diluted as a result of this rights offering.

If you choose not to exercise your subscription rights, you will retain your current number of shares of our common stock. If other stockholders fully exercise their subscription rights or exercise a greater proportion of their subscription rights than you exercise, the percentage of our common stock owned by these other stockholders will increase relative to your ownership percentage, and your voting and other rights in Navidea will likewise be diluted. Further, the shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants to be issued in the rights offering will dilute the ownership interest of stockholders and holders of Underwriter Warrants not participating in the rights offering or holder of warrants who have not exercised them.

We may cancel the rights offering at any time prior to the expiration of the rights offering period, and neither we nor the subscription agent will have any obligation to you except to return your subscription payment.

We may at our sole discretion cancel the rights offering at any time prior to the expiration of the rights offering period. If we elect to cancel the rights offering, neither we nor the subscription agent will have any obligation with respect to the subscription rights except to return to you, without interest or penalty, as soon as practicable any subscription payments.

This rights offering may limit our ability to use some or all of our net operating loss carryforwards in the future.

As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately $164 million of U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards (NOLs) and approximately $9.1 million of R&D tax credits that could be available to offset our future federal taxable income. Our ability to utilize NOLs and R&D tax credits to offset our future taxable income would be significantly limited if we were to undergo an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Code. In general, an “ownership change” occurs whenever the percentage of the stock of a corporation owned by “5-percent stockholders” (within the meaning of Section 382 of the Code) increases by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of the stock of such corporation owned by such “5-percent stockholders” at any time over the testing period. Further, individuals purchasing in the rights offering will likely be aggregated together to constitute a group for Section 382 purposes to count toward an ownership change. An ownership change under Section 382 of the Code would establish an annual limitation which may significantly limit the amount of NOLs and credits we could utilize to offset our taxable income in any single year. Limitations imposed on our ability to utilize NOLs could cause U.S. federal income taxes to be paid earlier than would be paid if such limitations were not in effect. It is possible that the issuance of shares pursuant to exercised rights under this rights offering will cause an ownership change. Also, even if this rights offering does not cause an ownership change, it could increase the likelihood that we may undergo an ownership change for purposes of Section 382 of the Code in the future.

On April 7, 2022, we adopted an NOL rights plan. To ensure compliance with the NOL rights plan, we have reserved the right, in our sole discretion, to limit the number of Units any person (or group) may purchase pursuant to the exercise of basic or over-subscription privileges in the rights offering, where such purchase, when aggregated with their existing ownership, would result in such person (or group), together with any related persons or entities, owning 4.99% or more of our outstanding common stock following the closing of the rights offering unless such person has obtained a prior waiver from our board of directors to acquire, own or control such shares of common stock. Nonetheless, in order to raise the maximum amount of proceeds in this rights offering, our board of directors may grant a waiver to one or more existing or new stockholders beneficially owning 5% or more of our outstanding common stock as a result of their participation in the rights offering.

If you do not act promptly and follow the subscription instructions, your exercise of subscription rights may be rejected.

Rights holders that desire to purchase shares in the rights offering must act promptly to ensure that all required forms and payments are actually received by the subscription agent prior to the expiration date of the rights offering. If you are a beneficial owner of our common stock, Series D preferred stock or Series F preferred stock, you must act promptly to ensure that your broker, dealer, custodian bank or other nominee acts for you and that all required forms and payments are actually received by the subscription agent prior to the expiration of the rights offering period. We are not responsible if your broker, dealer, custodian bank or nominee fails to ensure that all required forms and payments are actually received by the subscription agent prior to the expiration of the rights offering period. If you fail to complete and sign the required subscription forms, send an incorrect payment amount or otherwise fail to follow the subscription procedures that apply to your exercise in the rights offering prior to the expiration of the rights offering period, the subscription agent may, depending on the circumstances, reject your subscription or accept it only to the extent of the payment received. Neither we nor the subscription agent undertakes to contact you concerning, or attempt to correct, an incomplete or incorrect subscription form. We have the sole discretion to determine whether the exercise of your subscription rights properly and timely follows the subscription procedures.

If you make payment of the subscription price by uncertified personal check, your check may not clear in sufficient time to enable you to purchase shares in the rights offering.

Any uncertified personal check used to pay the subscription price in the rights offering must clear prior to the expiration date of the rights offering, and the clearing process may require five or more business days. As a result, if you choose to use an uncertified personal check to pay the subscription price, it may not clear prior to the expiration date, in which event you would not be eligible to exercise your subscription rights. You may eliminate this risk by paying the subscription price by cashier’s check, certified check or bank draft drawn on a U.S. bank.

Completion of the rights offering is not subject to us raising a minimum offering amount.

Completion of the rights offering is not subject to us raising a minimum aggregate offering amount. John K. Scott, Jr., the beneficial owner of approximately 31.5% of our outstanding common stock as of the Record Date, has not made any formal binding commitment to exercise his subscription rights, and we do not have formal commitments from any other stockholders for the amount we seek to raise pursuant to the rights offering. In addition, the total amount of cash proceeds we raise in this rights offering may be reduced to the extent certain holders of our subscription rights pay the subscription price for Units by cancelling or exchanging their shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock and our indebtedness evidenced by the Term Note. As a result, we cannot assure you of the amount of proceeds that we will receive in the rights offering. We may not raise the desired amount of capital in the rights offering to meet our objectives, thereby increasing the risk to investors in this rights offering, including investing in a company that continues to require capital.

The receipt of subscription rights may be treated as a taxable dividend to you.

The U.S. federal income tax consequences of the rights offering to stockholders will depend on whether the rights offering is part of a “disproportionate distribution.” We intend to take the reporting position that the subscription rights issued to common stockholders pursuant to the rights offering (a) are not part of a “disproportionate distribution” and (b) will not be a taxable distribution with respect to your existing securities. The disproportionate distribution rules are complicated, however, and their application is uncertain, and thus we are not obtaining a definitive opinion from tax counsel regarding the application of such rules. Accordingly, it is possible that the IRS could successfully challenge our reporting position and assert that the rights offering is a taxable distribution. For a discussion of the tax consequences if this distribution is non-taxable and the tax consequences if it is taxable, see the discussion in “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences.”

The subscription rights and Units are non-transferable and thus there will be no market for them.

You may not sell, transfer or assign your subscription rights or Units to anyone else. We do not intend to list the subscription rights on any securities exchange or any other trading market. Because the subscription rights are non-transferable, there is no market or other means for you to directly realize any value associated with the subscription rights.

There is no public market for the Series I preferred stock included in the Units.

There is no established public trading market for the Series I preferred stock, and we do not expect a market to develop. In addition, we do not currently intend to apply for listing of the Series I preferred stock on any securities exchange or recognized trading system. Purchasers of the Series I preferred stock may be unable to resell their shares of Series I preferred stock or sell them only at an unfavorable price for an extended period of time, if at all.

Absence of a public trading market for the warrants included in the Units may limit your ability to resell the warrants.

There is no established trading market for the warrants, and we do not expect a market to develop. We do not intend to list the warrants for trading on NYSE American or any other securities exchange or market. Without an active market, we cannot assure you that you will be able to sell or otherwise transfer the warrants and you may not realize any value from the warrants by attempting to sell or otherwise transfer them for consideration.

The market price of our common stock may never exceed the exercise price of the warrants.

The warrants being issued in connection with this rights offering become exercisable upon issuance and will expire five years from the date of issuance. The market price of our common stock may never exceed the exercise price of the warrants prior to their date of expiration. Any warrants not exercised by their date of expiration will expire for no value and we will be under no further obligation to the warrant holder.

We may call the warrants for redemption in certain circumstances.

We may call the warrants for redemption, in whole and not in part, at a price of $0.01 per underlying share of common stock at any time 1 year after the issuance date, if, among other conditions, the volume weighted average price of our common stock for each of ten consecutive trading days exceeds $2.10. If we give notice of redemption, you will be forced to sell or exercise your warrants or accept the redemption price. Furthermore, the exercise price must be paid in cash at the time of exercise (to the extent the “cashless” exercise provision for the warrants is not applicable). The notice of redemption could come at a time when it is not advisable or possible for you to exercise the warrants. As a result, you would be unable to benefit from owning the warrants being redeemed. A notice of redemption may also result in our common stock becoming more volatile and being subject to greater selling pressure which could result in declines in the market price for our common stock.

We will have considerable discretion over the use of the proceeds of the rights offering. Because our management will have broad discretion over the use of the net proceeds, you may not agree with how we use the proceeds, and we may not invest the proceeds successfully.

We have not determined the amount of net proceeds that we will apply to various corporate purposes. Our board of directors and management will have considerable discretion in the application of the net proceeds from this rights offering, and it is possible that we may allocate the proceeds differently than investors in the rights offering may desire or that we may fail to maximize the return on these proceeds. Accordingly, you will be relying on the judgment of our management with regard to the use of the proceeds from the rights offering, and you will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. It is possible that the proceeds will be invested in a way that does not yield a favorable, or any, return for our company.

The dealer-manager is not underwriting, nor acting as placement agent of, the subscription rights or the securities underlying the subscription rights.

Maxim Group LLC is acting as the dealer-manager for the rights offering. As provided in the dealer-manager agreement, the dealer-manager will provide marketing assistance in connection with this offering. The dealer-manager is not underwriting or placing any of the subscription rights or the shares of our Series I preferred stock or warrants being issued in this offering and is not making any recommendation with respect to such subscription rights (including with respect to the exercise or expiration of such subscription rights), Series I preferred stock or warrants. The dealer-manager will not be subject to any liability to us in rendering the services contemplated by the dealer-manager agreement except for any act of bad faith, gross negligence or willful misconduct by the dealer-manager. The rights offering may not be successful despite the services of the dealer-manager to us in this offering.

USE OF PROCEEDS

Assuming the rights offering is fully subscribed for cash, including any over-subscription privilege, we expect the net proceeds from the sale of the securities that we are offering to be approximately $32.3 million, after deducting fees and expenses payable to the dealer-manager and other estimated offering expenses payable by us, and excluding any proceeds received upon exercise of any warrants.

If certain holders of the subscription rights pay the subscription price for Units by cancelling or exchanging all of their shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock and the entire principal balance of, plus all accrued but unpaid interest under, the Term Note, and assuming the rights offering is fully subscribed, we estimate that the net proceeds from the rights offering will be approximately $22.1 million.

On April 10, 2022, pursuant to a Stock Exchange and Loan Agreement, John K. Scott, Jr., Vice Chairman of our board, agreed to make a loan to us in the principal amount of up to $2.5 million. The outstanding balance of the loan is evidenced by the Term Note and bears interest at a rate of 8% per annum, with payments of interest only to be made over a period of two (2) years. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the Term Note are due and payable on the second anniversary of such agreement. As of the date hereof, the outstanding principal balance of the Term Note was $2.5 million.

We intend to use the net proceeds from this rights offering for:

We expect that the net proceeds of this rights offering, if fully subscribed, will be sufficient to allow us to complete or substantially complete the funding for our pivotal Phase 3 trial for Rheumatoid Arthritis (NAV3-33) and otherwise continue our other ongoing clinical trial programs, however, we are subject to substantial risks that could require us to obtain additional funding in order to achieve these objectives. See “Risk Factors.” If this rights offering is not fully subscribed, we will likely need substantial additional capital in the future, which could cause dilution to our existing stockholders, delay or terminate our ongoing clinical trials and restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights, and if additional capital is not available, we may have to delay, reduce or cease operations.

Our expected use of net proceeds from this rights offering represents our current intentions based upon our present plans and business condition. The amounts and timing of our actual use of net proceeds will vary depending on numerous factors, including our ability to obtain additional financing, the relative success and cost of clinical and regulatory development programs and the amount and timing of product revenue, if any. In addition, we might decide to postpone or not pursue certain activities if, among other factors, the net proceeds from this offering and our other sources of cash are less than expected. As a result, management will have broad discretion in the application of the net proceeds, and investors will be relying on our judgment regarding the application of the net proceeds. Pending the uses described above, we intend to invest the net proceeds in interest-bearing investment-grade securities or deposits.

DILUTION

If you invest in our Units in this rights offering, you will experience an immediate dilution of the net tangible book value per share of our common stock. The net tangible book value of our common stock as of March 31, 2022, was approximately $(3.0 million), or approximately $(0.10) per share. Net tangible book value per share represents the amount of our total tangible assets, excluding goodwill and intangible assets, less total liabilities divided by the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding.

Dilution per share of common stock represents the difference between the amount paid by purchasers of Units in this offering and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately following the completion of this rights offering.

After giving effect to the assumed sale of 35,000 Units in the rights offering at the subscription price of $1,000 per Unit, paid in cash, and assuming immediate conversion of all 35,000 shares of Series I preferred stock, after deducting our estimated offering expenses, dealer-manager fees and expenses payable by us, our pro forma net tangible book value as of March 31, 2022 would have been approximately $29.3 million or approximately $0.35 per share. This represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of approximately $0.45 per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in pro forma net tangible book value of approximately $0.30 per share to purchasers in this rights offering, as illustrated by the following table:

The discussion of dilution, and the table quantifying it, assume no exercise of any outstanding options or warrants, including the warrants exercisable into 53,830,000 shares of common stock issued during this offering, or other potentially dilutive securities. The exercise of potentially dilutive securities having an exercise price less than the offering price would increase the dilutive effect to new investors.

Certain holders of the subscription rights will have the option to pay the subscription price by cancelling or exchanging their shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock and the outstanding principal balance of, plus all accrued but unpaid interest under, the Term Note, instead of by check or wire transfer of funds. The fair market value of the shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock, Series G preferred stock and Term Note to be cancelled or exchanged has been determined by our board of directors based on an independent appraisal obtained by us. We received a letter dated August 3, 2022 from counsel for the holder of the Series D preferred stock objecting to the fair market value of the shares as determined by our board based upon the independent appraisal. Dilution will be impacted if any of the Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock, Series G preferred stock or the Term Note are exchanged for Units in this rights offering.

The foregoing discussion and table above is based on 30,357,292 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and excludes the following potentially dilutive securities as of March 31, 2022:

To the extent that any of these options or warrants are exercised or the preferred shares are converted, these will cause dilution per share to the investors purchasing securities in this offering.

RIGHTS OFFERING

Subscription Rights

We are distributing to the record holders of our common stock and certain of our outstanding warrants, Series D preferred stock and Series F preferred stock, at no charge, non-transferable subscription rights to purchase Units at a subscription price per Unit equal to $1,000. Each subscription right will entitle you to purchase one share of our Series I preferred stock and a warrant to purchase 1,538 shares of our common stock. Each holder will receive one subscription right for each whole share of our common stock owned or deemed to be owned as of the Record Date. Each subscription right entitles the rights holder to a basic subscription right and an over-subscription privilege.

Participation of Certain Holders of Warrants and Preferred Stock

The holders of the Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock and Series F preferred stock have the right to participate in this rights offering. Each of such eligible holders will receive one (1) subscription right for each share of common stock that such holder’s Underwriter Warrants are exercisable for and that such holder’s Series D preferred stock or Series F preferred stock is convertible into. A total of 3,732,211 subscription rights will be issued to holders of the Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock and Series F preferred stock.

Basic Subscription Right

Your basic subscription right will entitle you to purchase Units, each comprised of one (1) share of Series I preferred stock and a warrant to purchase 1,538 shares of our common stock, at the subscription price of $1,000 per Unit. For example, if you owned or are deemed to own 100 shares of common stock on the Record Date, you will receive 100 subscription rights to purchase 100 shares of Series I preferred stock and warrants to purchase 153,800 shares of common stock for a total payment of $100,000. You may exercise all or a portion of your basic subscription right or you may choose not to exercise any basic subscription right at all. If you do not exercise your basic subscription right in full, you will not be entitled to exercise your over-subscription privilege.

In addition, sufficient Units may not be available to honor your basic subscription right in full. While we are distributing one subscription right for every share of common stock owned or deemed owned on the Record Date, we are only seeking to raise $35 million in gross proceeds in this rights offering. As a result, we would grant subscription rights to acquire 34,097,003 Units but will only accept subscriptions for 35,000 Units, based on 30,364,792 shares of common stock outstanding, 1,368,211 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of the outstanding Series D preferred stock; 2,173,913 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of the outstanding Series E preferred stock; and 189,000 Underwriter Warrants outstanding, in each case, as of July 29, 2022.

If exercises of the basic subscription right exceed the number of Units available in the rights offering, we will allocate the available Units pro-rata among the record holders exercising the basic subscription right in proportion to the number of shares of our common stock each of those record holders owned or were deemed to own on the Record Date, relative to the number of shares owned or deemed owned on the Record Date by all record holders exercising the basic subscription right. If this pro-rata allocation results in any record holders receiving a greater number of Units than the record holder subscribed for pursuant to the exercise of the basic subscription right, then such record holder will be allocated only that number of Units for which the record holder subscribed, and the remaining Units will be allocated among all other record holders exercising their basic subscription right on the same pro rata basis described above. The proration process will be repeated until all shares have been allocated.

If for any reason the amount of Units allocated to you is less than you have subscribed for, then the excess funds held by the subscription agent on your behalf will be returned to you, without interest, as soon as practicable after the rights offering has expired and all prorating calculations and reductions contemplated by the terms of the rights offering have been effected, and we will have no further obligations to you.

Over-Subscription Privilege

If you exercise your basic subscription right in full, you may also choose to exercise your over-subscription privilege. Subject to proration, if applicable, we will seek to honor the over-subscription privilege requests in full. If over-subscription privilege requests exceed the number of Units available, however, we will allocate the available Units pro rata among the rights holders exercising the over-subscription privilege in proportion to the number of shares of our common stock each of those rights holders owned on the Record Date, relative to the number of shares owned by all rights holders exercising the over-subscription privilege. If this pro rata allocation results in any rights holder receiving a greater number of Units than the record holder subscribed for pursuant to the exercise of the over-subscription privilege, then such rights holder will be allocated only that number of Units for which the rights holder oversubscribed, and the remaining Units will be allocated among all other rights holders exercising the over-subscription privilege on the same pro rata basis described above. The proration process will be repeated until all Units have been allocated.

The subscription agent for the rights offering will determine the over-subscription allocation based on the formula described above. To the extent the aggregate subscription payment of the actual number of unsubscribed Units available to you pursuant to the over-subscription privilege is less than the amount you actually paid in connection with the exercise of the over-subscription privilege, you will be allocated only the number of unsubscribed Units available to you, and any excess subscription payments will be returned to you, without interest or penalty, as soon as practicable after expiration of the rights offering.

We can provide no assurances that you will actually be entitled to purchase the number of Units issuable upon the exercise of your over-subscription privilege in full at the expiration of the rights offering. We will not be able to satisfy any requests for Units pursuant to the over-subscription privilege if all of our stockholders and holders of Underwriter Warrants exercise their basic subscription right in full, and we will only honor an over-subscription privilege to the extent sufficient Units are available following the exercise of basic subscription right.

Limitation on the Purchase of Units

You may only purchase the number of Units purchasable upon exercise of the basic subscription right distributed to you in the rights offering, plus the over-subscription privilege, if any. Accordingly, the number of Units that you may purchase in the rights offering is limited by the number of shares of our common stock you own or are deemed to own on the Record Date and by the extent to which other stockholders and holders of Underwriter Warrants exercise their basic subscription right and over-subscription privileges, all of which we cannot determine prior to completion of the rights offering.

In addition, in order to protect our ability to use our  net operating losses and other tax benefits to offset potential future income taxes for federal income tax purposes, we reserve the right, in our sole discretion, to limit the number of Units any person or entity, together with related persons or entities, may purchase pursuant to the exercise of basic or over-subscription privileges, where such purchase, when aggregated with their existing ownership, would result in such person or entity, together with any related persons or entities, owning 4.99% or more of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock following the closing of the rights offering unless such person or entity has obtained a prior waiver from our board of directors to acquire, own or control such shares of common stock.

Subscription Price

The subscription price is $1,000 per Unit. The subscription price does not necessarily bear any relationship to our past or expected future results of operations, cash flows, current financial condition, or any other established criteria for value.

Determination of Subscription Price

In the determining the subscription price, our board of directors considered a variety of factors including those listed below:

In conjunction with the review of these factors, our board of directors reviewed our history and prospects, including our past and present earnings and cash requirements, our prospects for the future, the outlook for our industry and our current financial condition. Our board of directors believes that the subscription price should be designed to provide an incentive to our current stockholders to participate in the rights offering and exercise their basic subscription right and their over-subscription privilege.

The subscription price does not necessarily bear any relationship to any established criteria for value. No valuation consultant or investment banker has opined upon the fairness or adequacy of the subscription price. You should not consider the subscription price as an indication of actual value of the company or our common stock. The market price of our common stock may decline during or after the rights offering. We cannot predict the price at which our shares of common stock will trade after the rights offering. You should obtain a current price quote for our common stock before exercising your subscription rights and make your own assessment of our business and financial condition, our prospects for the future, and the terms of this rights offering. Once made, all exercises of subscription rights are irrevocable.

Non-Transferability of Subscription Rights

The subscription rights are non-transferable (other than by operation of law) and, therefore, you may not sell, transfer, assign or give away your subscription rights to anyone. The subscription rights will not be listed for trading on any stock exchange or market.

No Recombination

The Series I preferred stock and warrants comprising the Units will separate upon the exercise of the subscription rights, and the Units will not trade as a separate security. Holders may not recombine shares of Series I preferred stock and warrants to receive a Unit.

Expiration Date; Extension

The subscription period, during which you may exercise your subscription rights, expires at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time, on August 17, 2022, which is the expiration of the rights offering. If you do not exercise your subscription rights before that time, your subscription rights will expire and will no longer be exercisable. We will not be required to sell Units to you if the subscription agent receives your subscription rights statement or your subscription payment after that time. We have the option to extend the rights offering in our sole discretion, for a period not to exceed 45 days, although we do not presently intend to do so. We may extend the rights offering by giving oral or written notice to the subscription agent before the rights offering expires. If we elect to extend the rights offering, we will issue a press release announcing the extension no later than 9:00 a.m. Eastern Time, on the next business day after the most recently announced expiration date of the rights offering.

If you hold your common stock, Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock or Series F preferred stock in the name of a broker, dealer, custodian bank or other nominee, the nominee will exercise the subscription rights on your behalf in accordance with your instructions. Please note that the nominee may establish a deadline that may be before 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time, on August 17, 2022, which is the expiration date that we have established for the rights offering.

Termination

We may terminate the rights offering at any time and for any reason prior to the completion of the rights offering. If we terminate the rights offering, we will issue a press release notifying stockholders and the public of the termination.

Return of Funds upon Completion or Termination

The subscription agent will hold funds received in payment for Units in a segregated account pending completion of the rights offering. The subscription agent will hold this money until the rights offering is completed or is terminated. You will not be able to rescind your subscription. Any excess subscription payments, including refunds resulting from will be returned to you as soon as practicable after the expiration of the rights offering, without interest or penalty. If the rights offering is terminated for any reason, all subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be returned as soon as practicable, without interest or penalty.

Methods for Exercising Subscription Rights

The exercise of subscription rights is irrevocable and may not be canceled or modified. You may exercise your subscription rights as follows:

Subscription by Record Holders

Rights holders who are registered holders of our common stock, Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock or Series F preferred stock may exercise their subscription rights by properly completing and executing the subscription rights certificate and forwarding it, together with your full payment, to the subscription agent at the address given below under “Subscription Agent,” to be received before 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time, on August 17, 2022.

Subscription by Beneficial Owners

If you are a beneficial owner of our common stock, Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock or Series F preferred stock that are registered in the name of a broker, dealer, custodian bank, or other nominee, you will not receive a subscription rights certificate. Instead, we will issue subscription rights to such nominee record holder. If you are not contacted by your nominee, you should promptly contact your nominee in order to subscribe for Units in the rights offering and follow the instructions provided by your nominee.

To properly exercise your over-subscription privilege, you must deliver the subscription payment related to your over-subscription privilege before the rights offering expires.

Payment Method

You must timely pay the full subscription payment, in U.S. currency, for the full number of shares of Units you wish to acquire pursuant to the exercise of subscription rights (including any exercise of the over-subscription privilege) by delivering a:

Certain holders of the subscription rights will have the option to pay the subscription price by cancelling or exchanging their shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock and the outstanding principal balance of, plus all accrued but unpaid interest under, the Term Note, instead of by check or wire transfer of funds. The fair market value of the shares of Series D preferred stock, Series F preferred stock, Series G preferred stock and Term Note to be cancelled or exchanged has been determined by our board of directors based on an independent appraisal obtained by us. We received a letter dated August 3, 2022 from counsel for the holder of the Series D preferred stock objecting to the fair market value of the shares as determined by our board based upon the independent appraisal. 

You should read the instruction letter accompanying the subscription rights statement carefully and strictly follow it. Do not send subscription rights statements or payments directly to us. We will not consider your subscription received until the subscription agent has received delivery of a properly completed and duly executed subscription rights statement and payment of the full subscription amount.

The method of delivery of subscription rights statements and payment of the subscription amount to the subscription agent will be at the risk of the holders of subscription rights. If sent by mail, we recommend that you send those statements and payments by registered mail, properly insured, with return receipt requested, or by overnight courier, and that you allow a sufficient number of days to ensure delivery to the subscription agent before the rights offering expires.

Clearance of Uncertified Personal Checks

If you are paying by uncertified personal check, please note that payment will not be deemed to have been received by the subscription agent until the check has cleared, which could take at least five (5) business days. Any personal check used to pay for Units must clear the appropriate financial institutions prior to 5:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on August 17, 2022, the expected expiration date of this rights offering, unless we, in our sole discretion, extend the period for exercising the subscription rights. Accordingly, holders that wish to pay the subscription price by means of an uncertified personal check are urged to make payment sufficiently in advance of the expiration of the rights offering to ensure such payment is received and clears by such date. If you elect to exercise your subscription rights, we urge you to consider using a certified check, cashier’s check, bank draft, U.S. Postal money order, or wire transfer of funds to ensure that the subscription agent receives your funds prior to the expiration of the rights offering.

Subscription Agent and Information Agent

The subscription agent for this rights offering is Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc. The address to which subscription rights statements and payments should be mailed or delivered by overnight courier is provided below.

If sent by mail, we recommend that you send documents and payments by registered mail, properly insured, with return receipt requested, and that you allow a sufficient number of days to ensure delivery to the subscription agent before the rights offering expires.

If you deliver subscription documents or rights certificates in a manner different than that described in this prospectus, then we may not honor the exercise of your subscription rights.

You should direct any questions or requests for assistance concerning the method of subscribing for Units or for additional copies of this prospectus to the information agent at the following address and telephone number:

Missing or Incomplete Subscription Forms or Payment

If you fail to complete and sign the subscription rights certificate or otherwise fail to follow the subscription procedures that apply to the exercise of your subscription rights before the rights offering expires, the subscription agent will reject your subscription or accept it to the extent of the payment received. Neither we nor the subscription agent undertakes any responsibility or action to contact you concerning an incomplete or incorrect subscription form, nor are we under any obligation to correct such forms. We have the sole discretion to determine whether a subscription exercise properly complies with the subscription procedures.

The payment received will be applied to exercise your subscription rights to the fullest extent possible based on the amount of the payment received. Any excess subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be returned, without interest or penalty, as soon as practicable following the expiration of the rights offering.

Issuance of Series I Preferred Stock and Warrants

The shares of Series I preferred stock and warrants that are purchased in the rights offering as part of the Units will be issued in book-entry, or uncertificated, form meaning that you will receive a direct registration (DRS) account statement from our transfer agent reflecting ownership of these securities if you are a holder of record of shares. If you hold your shares of common stock or Underwriter Warrants in the name of a custodian bank, broker, dealer, or other nominee, DTC will credit your account with your nominee with the securities you purchased in the rights offering.

No Fractional Shares

We do not intend to issue fractional shares of Series I preferred stock or fractional shares of common stock upon exercise of warrants issued in the rights offering. To the extent that rounding occurs, any excess subscription payments received by the subscription agent will be returned as soon as practicable after expiration of the rights offering, without interest or deduction. Similarly, no fractional shares of common stock will be issued in connection with the conversion of the Series I preferred stock or the exercise of a warrant. Instead, for any such fractional share that would otherwise have been issuable upon conversion of shares of Series I preferred stock, we may, at our election, pay a cash payment equal to such fraction multiplied by the conversion price or round up to the next whole share, and for any such fractional share that would have otherwise been issued upon exercise of warrants, we will round up such fraction to the next whole share.

Warrant Agent

The warrant agent for the warrants is Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC.

Notice to Brokers and Nominees

If you are a broker, dealer, bank, or other nominee holder that holds shares of our common stock, Series D preferred stock or Series F preferred stock for the account of others on the Record Date, you should notify the beneficial owners of the shares for whom you are the nominee of the rights offering as soon as possible to learn their intentions with respect to exercising their subscription rights. If a beneficial owner of our stock so instructs, you should complete the subscription rights statement and submit it to the subscription agent with the proper subscription payment by the expiration date. You may exercise the number of subscription rights to which all beneficial owners in the aggregate otherwise would have been entitled had they been direct holders of our common stock on the Record Date, provided that you, as a nominee record holder, make a proper showing to the subscription agent by submitting the form entitled “nominee holder certification,” which is provided with your rights offering materials. If you did not receive this form, you should contact the subscription agent to request a copy.

Validity of Subscriptions

We will resolve all questions regarding the validity and form of the exercise of your subscription rights, including time of receipt and eligibility to participate in the rights offering. Our determination will be final and binding. Once made, subscriptions are irrevocable; we will not accept any alternative, conditional, or contingent subscriptions. We reserve the absolute right to reject any subscriptions not properly submitted or the acceptance of which would be unlawful. You must resolve any irregularities in connection with your subscriptions before the expiration date of the rights offering, unless we waive them in our sole discretion. Neither we nor the Subscription agent is under any duty to notify you or your representative of defects in your subscriptions. A subscription will be considered accepted, subject to our right to withdraw or terminate the rights offering, only when the subscription agent receives a properly completed and duly executed subscription rights statement and any other required documents and the full subscription payment. Our interpretations of the terms and conditions of the rights offering will be final and binding.

Stockholder Rights

You will have no rights as a holder of the shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of the Series I preferred stock issued in the rights offering until such Series I preferred stock is converted into common stock and the shares of common stock are issued in book-entry form or your account at your broker, dealer, bank, or other nominee is credited with the shares of our common stock. Holders of warrants issued in connection with the rights offering will not have rights as holders of our common stock until such warrants are exercised and the shares of common stock underlying the warrants are issued to the holder.

Foreign Stockholders

We will not mail this prospectus or any subscription rights certificates to stockholders with addresses that are outside the United States or that have an army post office or foreign post office address. The subscription agent will hold these subscription rights certificates for their account. To exercise subscription rights, our foreign stockholders must notify the subscription agent prior to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time, on August 12, 2022, the third business day prior to the expiration date, of your exercise of subscription rights and provide evidence satisfactory to us, such as a legal opinion from local counsel, that the exercise of such subscription rights does not violate the laws of the jurisdiction in which such stockholder resides and payment by a U.S. bank in U.S. dollars before the expiration of the offer. If no notice is received by such time or the evidence presented is not satisfactory to us, the subscription rights represented thereby will expire.

No Revocation or Change

Once you submit the subscription rights certificate or have instructed your nominee of your subscription request, you are not allowed to revoke or change the exercise or request a refund of monies paid. All exercises of subscription rights are irrevocable, even if you learn information about us that you consider to be unfavorable. You should not exercise your subscription rights unless you are certain that you wish to purchase shares at the subscription price.

U.S. Federal Income Tax Treatment of Rights Distribution

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, we do not believe holders of shares of our common stock or Underwriter Warrants should recognize income or loss upon receipt or exercise of a subscription right. See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences.”

No Recommendation to Rights Holders

Our board of directors is not making a recommendation regarding your exercise of the subscription rights. Stockholders who exercise subscription rights risk investment loss on money invested. We cannot predict the price at which our shares of common stock will trade after the rights offering. You should make your investment decision based on your assessment of our business and financial condition, our prospects for the future and the terms of this rights offering. Please see “Risk Factors” for a discussion of some of the risks involved in investing in our common stock.

Purchase Commitment

We have not entered into any standby purchase arrangement or similar arrangement in connection with this rights offering. John K. Scott, Jr., the beneficial owner of approximately 31.5% of our outstanding common stock as of the Record Date, has not made any formal binding commitment to exercise his subscription rights.

Shares of Our Common Stock, Series I Preferred Stock and Warrants Outstanding After the Rights Offering

Assuming no additional equity securities are issued by us prior to consummation of the rights offering, and assuming the rights offering is fully subscribed for cash, upon completion of the rights offering, we will have 30,364,792 shares of common stock outstanding, 35,000 shares of Series I preferred stock issued and outstanding, and 35,000 warrants to purchase 53,830,000,additional shares of our common stock issued and outstanding, based on 30,364,792 shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 29, 2022. The exact number of shares of Series I preferred stock and warrants that will be issued and outstanding after the rights offering will depend on the number of Units that are purchased in the rights offering. In addition to the foregoing, as of July 29, 2022, there were (i) 422,324 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of  outstanding common stock purchase warrants, with a weighted-average exercise price of $2.30 per share; (ii) 726,080 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of outstanding stock options, with a weighted average exercise price of $4.52 per share; (iii) 563,953 shares of our common stock available for future grants under our 2014 Stock Incentive Plan; (iv) 1,368,211 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of outstanding Series D preferred stock; and (v) 2,175,000 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of outstanding Series F preferred stock.

Fees and Expenses

Neither we, nor the subscription agent, will charge a brokerage commission or a fee to subscription rights holders for exercising their rights. However, if you exercise your subscription rights through a custodian bank, broker, dealer or nominee, you will be responsible for any fees charged by your custodian bank, broker, dealer or nominee.

Listing

The subscription rights may not be sold, transferred, assigned or given away to anyone, and will not be listed for trading on any stock exchange or market. There is no established public trading market for the Series I preferred stock or warrants and we do not expect one to develop. In addition, we do not intend to apply for listing of the Series I preferred stock or warrants on any securities exchange or recognized trading system. The shares of our common stock are currently traded on the NYSE American under the symbol “NAVB”.

Other Matters

We are not making the rights offering in any state or other jurisdiction in which it is unlawful to do so, nor are we distributing or accepting any offers to purchase any shares of our common stock from subscription rights holders who are residents of those states or other jurisdictions or who are otherwise prohibited by federal or state laws or regulations from accepting or exercising the subscription rights. We may delay the commencement of the rights offering in those states or other jurisdictions, or change the terms of the rights offering, in whole or in part, in order to comply with the securities laws or other legal requirements of those states or other jurisdictions. Subject to state securities laws and regulations, we also have the discretion to delay allocation and distribution of any shares you may elect to purchase by exercise of your subscription rights in order to comply with state securities laws. We may decline to make modifications to the terms of the rights offering requested by those states or other jurisdictions, in which case, if you are a resident in those states or jurisdictions or if you are otherwise prohibited by federal or state laws or regulations from accepting or exercising the subscription rights, you will not be eligible to participate in the rights offering.

MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES

The following is a summary of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences of the receipt, exercise and expiration of the subscription rights, the ownership and disposition of shares of our Series I preferred stock and warrants received upon exercise of the subscription rights, and the ownership and disposition of our common stock acquired upon exercise of our warrants or conversion of our Series I preferred stock. This summary is based upon the provisions of the Code, Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, administrative rulings and judicial decisions, all as of the date hereof and all of which are subject to change or to different interpretation, possibly with retroactive effect, so as to result in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those set forth below. We have not sought and will not seek any ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) with respect to the statements made and the conclusions reached in the following summary, and there can be no assurances that the IRS or a court will agree with such statements and conclusions.

This summary does not purport to be a complete analysis of all the potential tax considerations relating to the subscription rights. In addition, this summary does not address the tax considerations arising under U.S. federal non-income tax laws, such as gift, estate or Medicare contribution tax laws, or state, local or non-U.S. tax laws. This discussion does not address all tax considerations that may be applicable to a holder’s particular circumstances or to a holder that may be subject to special tax rules, including, without limitation:

If a partnership, including any entity or arrangement classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, holds any subscription right, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend on the status of the partner, the activities of the partnership and certain determinations made at the partner level. Accordingly, partnerships that hold any subscription right, and partners in such partnerships, should consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences to them of the receipt, exercise and expiration of the subscription rights and the ownership and disposition of our Series I preferred stock acquired upon exercise of the subscription rights.

You are urged to consult your tax advisor with respect to the application of the U.S. federal income tax laws to your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences arising under the U.S. federal estate or gift tax rules or under the laws of any U.S. state or local or any non-U.S. or other taxing jurisdiction or under any applicable tax treaty.

For purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Person” means a beneficial owner of any subscription right that is:

EACH HOLDER OF SHARES OF OUR STOCK IS STRONGLY URGED TO CONSULT SUCH HOLDER’S OWN TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE SPECIFIC FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL AND NON-U.S. INCOME AND OTHER TAX CONSIDERATIONS OF THE RECEIPT AND EXERCISE OF THE SUBSCRIPTION RIGHTS AND THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF OUR SERIES I PREFERRED STOCK ACQUIRED UPON EXERCISE OF THE SUBSCRIPTION RIGHTS.

Tax Considerations Applicable to U.S. Persons

Receipt of Subscription Rights

Although the authorities governing transactions such as the rights offering are complex and do not directly address consequences of certain aspects of the rights offering or the distribution of subscription rights and the effects of the over-subscription privilege, we do not believe the receipt of subscription rights by a U.S. Person pursuant to the rights offering should be treated as a taxable distribution with respect to such U.S. Person’s existing shares of our stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Pursuant to Section 305(a) of the Code, in general, the receipt by a U.S. stockholder of a right to acquire stock should not be included in the taxable income of the recipient. The general rule of non-recognition in Section 305(a) of the Code is subject to certain exceptions in Section 305(b) of the Code, which include “disproportionate distributions.” A disproportionate distribution is a distribution or a series of distributions, including deemed distributions, that has the effect of the receipt of cash or other property by some stockholders or holders of debt instruments convertible into stock and an increase in the proportionate interest of other stockholders in a corporation’s assets or earnings and profits. We may have outstanding options and warrants that could cause, under certain circumstances that cannot currently be predicted (such as a failure to properly adjust the option price in connection with a stock distribution), the receipt of subscription rights pursuant to this rights offering to be part of a disproportionate distribution, as contemplated in Section 305(b) of the Code.

Our position regarding the tax-free treatment of the subscription rights distribution is not binding on the IRS or the courts. If our tax position concerning the rights offering is finally determined by the IRS or a court to be incorrect, whether on the basis that the issuance of the subscription rights is a “disproportionate distribution” described above or otherwise, the fair market value of the subscription rights will be taxable to holders of our stock as a dividend to the extent of the holder’s pro rata share of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, if any, for the taxable year in which the subscription rights are distributed. Any excess will be treated as a tax-free return of your basis in the stock up to the amount of such basis with any additional amount treated as capital gain.

The following discussion assumes the treatment of the subscription rights issuance is a non-taxable distribution with respect to a U.S. Person’s existing shares of our stock for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Tax Basis in the Subscription Rights

If the fair market value of the subscription rights a U.S. person receives is less than 15% of the fair market value of its existing shares of our stock (with respect to which the subscription rights are distributed) on the date the U.S. Person receives the subscription rights, the subscription rights will be allocated a zero dollar basis for U.S. federal income tax purposes, unless the U.S. person elects to allocate its basis in its existing shares of our stock between its existing shares of our stock and the subscription rights in proportion to the relative fair market values of the existing shares of our stock and the subscription rights, determined on the date of receipt of the subscription rights. If a U.S. Person chooses to allocate basis between its existing shares of our stock and the subscription rights, then such U.S. Person must make this election on a statement included with its timely filed tax return (including extensions) for the taxable year in which such U.S. Person receives the subscription rights. Such an election is irrevocable.

However, if the fair market value of the subscription rights received by a U.S. Person is 15% or more of the fair market value of its existing shares of our stock on the date that such U.S. Person receives the subscription rights, then such U.S. Person must allocate its basis in its existing shares of our stock between those shares and the subscription rights received by the U.S. Person in proportion to their fair market values determined on the date the U.S. Person receives the subscription rights.

The fair market value of the subscription rights on the date that the subscription rights are distributed is uncertain, and we have not obtained, and do not intend to obtain, an appraisal of the fair market value of the subscription rights on that date. In determining the fair market value of the subscription rights, you should consider all relevant facts and circumstances, including any difference between the subscription price of the subscription rights and the trading price of our shares of stock on the date that the subscription rights are distributed, the length of the period during which the subscription rights may be exercised and the fact that the subscription rights are non-transferable.

Holders of shares of our stock should consult with their own tax advisors regarding their tax basis in shares of our stock and subscription rights received.

Exercise of Subscription Rights

Generally, a U.S. Person will not recognize gain or loss upon the exercise of a subscription right acquired in the rights offering. A U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis, if any, in the subscription right plus the subscription price should be allocated between the share of Series I preferred stock and the warrant acquired upon exercise of the subscription right. The tax basis in the stock upon which the subscription rights were issued which is allocated to the subscription rights under the prior paragraph should be further allocated between the share of Series I preferred stock and the warrant acquired upon exercise of the subscription right in proportion to their relative fair market values on the date the subscription rights were distributed. The subscription price should be allocated between the share of Series I preferred stock and the warrant acquired upon exercise of the subscription right in proportion to their relative fair market values on the exercise date. These allocations will establish the U.S. holder’s initial tax basis for U.S. federal income tax purposes in the shares of Series I preferred stock and warrants received upon exercise of such U.S. holder’s subscription right. The holding period of a share of Series I preferred stock or a warrant acquired upon exercise of a subscription right in the rights offering will begin on the date of exercise.

If, at the time of the receipt or exercise of the subscription right, the U.S. holder no longer holds the stock with respect to which the subscription right was distributed, then certain aspects of the tax treatment of the receipt and exercise of the subscription right are unclear, including (1) the allocation of the tax basis between the shares of our stock previously sold and the subscription right, (2) the impact of such allocation on the amount and timing of gain or loss recognized with respect to the shares of our stock previously sold, and (3) the impact of such allocation on the tax basis of the shares of our Series I preferred stock and warrants acquired upon exercise of the subscription right. If a U.S. holder exercises a subscription right received in the rights offering after disposing of shares of our stock with respect to which the subscription right is received, the U.S. holder should consult its own tax advisor.

Expiration of Subscription Rights

If the receipt of the subscription rights by a U.S. Person is not taxable and such U.S. Person allows subscription rights received in the rights offering to expire, then such U.S. Person should not recognize any gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In such case, the U.S. Person should re-allocate any portion of the tax basis in its existing stock previously allocated to the subscription rights that have expired to the existing stock.

Distributions on Preferred Stock

Distributions with respect to shares of our Series I preferred stock acquired upon exercise of subscription rights will be taxable as dividend income when actually or constructively received to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined for U.S. federal income tax purpose.

Dividend income received by certain non-corporate holders with respect to shares of our Series I preferred stock generally will be “qualified dividends” subject to preferential rates of U.S. federal income tax, provided that the U.S. holder meets applicable holding period and other requirements. Subject to similar exceptions for short-term and hedged positions, dividend income on our shares of Series I preferred stock paid to holders that are domestic corporations generally will qualify for the dividends-received deduction. To the extent that the amount of a distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, such distribution will be treated first as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of your adjusted tax basis in such shares of our Series I preferred stock and thereafter as capital gain.

Distributions on Common Stock

Distributions with respect to shares of our common stock acquired upon exercise of the warrants will be taxable as dividend income when actually or constructively received to the extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined for U.S. federal income tax purpose.

Dividend income received by certain non-corporate holders with respect to shares of our common stock generally will be “qualified dividends” subject to preferential rates of U.S. federal income tax, provided that the U.S. holder meets applicable holding period and other requirements. Subject to similar exceptions for short-term and hedged positions, dividend income on our shares of common stock paid to holders that are domestic corporations generally will qualify for the dividends-received deduction. To the extent that the amount of a distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits, such distribution will be treated first as a tax-free return of capital to the extent of your adjusted tax basis in such shares of our common stock and thereafter as capital gain.

Disposition of Common Stock

A U.S. holder that sells or otherwise disposes of shares of common stock in a taxable transaction will generally recognize capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and such U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in the shares. Such capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if a U.S. holder’s holding period for such shares is more than one year at the time of disposition. Long-term capital gain of a non-corporate holder is generally taxed at preferential rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Disposition of Preferred Stock

Upon a sale, exchange, or other taxable disposition of our Series I preferred stock (other than by conversion), a U.S. holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized (not including any amount attributable to declared and unpaid dividends, which will be taxable as described above to U.S. holders of record who have not previously included such dividends in income) and the U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in our Series I preferred stock. The U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in our Series I preferred stock generally will equal its initial tax basis (discussed above under “—Exercise of Subscription Rights”), as adjusted for applicable distributions (including constructive dividends). Such capital gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder’s holding period for our Series I preferred stock exceeded one year at the time of disposition The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

Conversion of Our Preferred Stock into Our Common Stock

A U.S. holder will not recognize any gain or loss in respect of the receipt of our common stock upon the conversion of our preferred stock (except to the extent the U.S. holder receives a cash payment for any fractional share that would otherwise have been issuable upon conversion of the preferred stock). The adjusted tax basis of our common stock that a U.S. holder receives on conversion will equal the adjusted tax basis of the preferred stock converted (decreased by the adjusted tax basis allocable to any fractional share that would otherwise have been issuance upon conversion of the preferred stock), and the holding period of such common stock received on conversion will include the period during which the U.S. holder held the preferred stock prior to conversion.

In the event a U.S. holder’s preferred stock is converted pursuant to an election by such U.S. holder in the case of certain acquisitions or fundamental changes or pursuant to certain other transactions (including our consolidation or merger into another person), the tax treatment of such a conversion will depend upon the facts underlying the particular transaction triggering such a conversion. In this regard, it is possible that any related adjustments of the conversion rate would be treated as a constructive distribution to the U.S. holder as described below under “—Constructive Dividends on Preferred Stock.” U.S. holders should consult their own tax advisors to determine the specific tax treatment of a conversion under such circumstances.

Constructive Dividends on Preferred Stock

The conversion rate of our preferred stock is subject to adjustment under certain circumstances. Section 305(c) of the Code and U.S. Treasury Regulations thereunder may treat a U.S. holder of our preferred stock as having received a constructive distribution includable in such U.S. holder’s income in the manner as described above under “—Distributions on Preferred Stock,” if and to the extent that certain adjustments in the conversion rate (or failures to make such an adjustment) increase the proportionate interest of such U.S. holder in our earnings and profits. In certain other circumstances, an adjustment to the conversion rate of our preferred stock or a failure to make such an adjustment could potentially give rise to constructive distributions to U.S. holders of our common stock. Thus, under certain circumstances, U.S. holders may recognize income in the event of a constructive distribution even though they may not receive any cash or property.

Disposition, Exercise or Expiration of Warrants

Upon the sale or other taxable disposition of a warrant (other than by exercise) received upon exercise of a subscription right, a U.S. holder will generally recognize capital gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale or other taxable disposition and the U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in the warrant. A U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in a warrant will generally equal its initial tax basis (discussed above under “—Exercise of Subscription Rights”), as adjusted for any constructive dividends on the warrant described below. This capital gain or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. holder’s holding period in such warrant is more than one year at the time of the sale or other taxable disposition. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain limitations.

A U.S. holder will not be required to recognize income, gain or loss upon exercise of a warrant received upon exercise of a subscription right. A U.S. holder’s tax basis in a share of our common stock received upon exercise of the warrants for cash will be equal to the sum of (1) the U.S. holder’s tax basis in the warrants exchanged therefor and (2) the exercise price of such warrants. A U.S. holder’s holding period in the shares of our common stock received upon exercise will commence on the day after such U.S. holder exercises the warrants.

In certain circumstances, the warrants will be exercisable on a cashless basis. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of an exercise of a warrant on a cashless basis is not clear, and could differ from the consequences described above. It is possible that a cashless exercise could be a taxable event. U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the consequences of an exercise of a warrant on a cashless basis, including with respect to whether the exercise is a taxable event, and their holding period and tax basis in the common stock received.

If a warrant expires without being exercised, a U.S. holder will recognize a capital loss in an amount equal to such holder’s adjusted tax basis in the warrant. Such loss will be long-term capital loss if, at the time of the expiration, the U.S. holder’s holding period in such warrant is more than one year. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to certain limitations.

Constructive Dividends on Warrants

If at any time during the period in which a U.S. holder holds warrants received upon exercise of a subscription right, we were to pay a taxable dividend to our stockholders and, in accordance with the anti-dilution provisions of our warrants, the exercise price of the warrants were decreased, that decrease would be deemed to be the payment of a taxable dividend to a U.S. holder of the warrants to the extent of our earnings and profits, notwithstanding the fact that such holder will not receive a cash payment. If the exercise price is adjusted in certain other circumstances (or in certain circumstances, there is a failure to make appropriate adjustments), or there is an adjustment to the number of common shares that will be issued on exercise of the warrants, such adjustments may also result in the deemed payment of a taxable dividend to a U.S. holder. U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the proper treatment of any adjustments to the exercise price of the warrants.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

A U.S. Person may be subject to information reporting and backup withholding when such U.S. Person receives dividend payments (including constructive dividends) or receives proceeds from the sale or other taxable disposition of the warrant, shares of our Series I preferred stock acquired through the exercise of subscription rights or shares of our common stock acquired through the conversion of our Series I preferred stock or exercise of the warrants. Backup withholding (currently at the rate of 24%) may apply to U.S. Persons under certain circumstances if such U.S. Person (i) fails to furnish a correct social security or other taxpayer identification number, or TIN, (ii) fails to report interest or dividends properly or (iii) fails to provide a certified statement on IRS Form   W-9, signed under penalty of perjury, that (A) such U.S. Person is a U.S. Person for U.S. federal income tax purposes, (B) the TIN provided is correct and (C) such U.S. Person has not been notified by the IRS that such U.S. Person is subject to backup withholding. Any amount withheld from a payment under the backup withholding rules is allowable as a credit against (and may entitle you to a refund with respect to) your U.S. federal income tax liability, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS. Certain persons are exempt from information reporting and backup withholding, including corporations and certain financial institutions, provided that they demonstrate this fact, if requested. Each U.S. Person is urged to consult its own tax advisor as to your qualification for exemption from backup withholding and the procedure for obtaining such exemption.

Tax Considerations Applicable to Non-U.S. Holders

For purposes of this discussion, a “non-U.S. holder” or “is a beneficial owner of shares of our stock, warrants or subscription rights, as the case may be, that is neither a U.S. Person nor an entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Receipt, Exercise and Expiration of the Subscription Rights

The discussion assumes that the receipt of subscription rights will be treated as a nontaxable distribution. See “—Tax Considerations Applicable to U.S. Persons—Receipt of Subscription Rights” above. In such case, non-U.S. holders will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax (or any withholding thereof) on the receipt, exercise or expiration of the subscription rights.

Exercise of Warrants

A non-U.S. holder will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the cash exercise of warrants into shares of our common stock. As discussed above in “—Tax Considerations Applicable to U.S. Persons—Disposition, Exercise or Expiration of Warrants,” the U.S. federal income tax treatment of an exercise of a warrant on a cashless basis is not clear. Non-U.S. holders are urged to consult their tax advisors as to the consequences of an exercise of a warrant on a cashless basis, including with respect to whether the exercise is a taxable event, and their holding period and tax basis in the common stock received.

Constructive Dividends on Warrants

If at any time during the period in which a non-U.S. holder holds warrants we were to pay a taxable dividend to our stockholders and, in accordance with the anti-dilution provisions of the warrants, the exercise price of the warrants were decreased, that decrease would be deemed to be the payment of a taxable dividend to a non-U.S. holder to the extent of our earnings and profits, notwithstanding the fact that such holder will not receive a cash payment. If the exercise price is adjusted in certain other circumstances (or in certain circumstances, there is a failure to make appropriate adjustments), or there is an adjustment to the number of common shares that will be issued on exercise of the warrants, such adjustments may also result in the deemed payment of a taxable dividend to a non-U.S. holder. Any resulting withholding tax attributable to deemed dividends may be collected from other amounts payable or distributable to the non-U.S. holder. Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the proper treatment of any adjustments to the warrants.

Distributions on Preferred Stock and Common Stock

If we make distributions of cash or property on our preferred stock or common stock, such distributions will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Amounts not treated as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes will constitute a return of capital and first be applied against and reduce a non-U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in its preferred stock or common stock, as the case may be, but not below zero. Any excess will be treated as capital gain and will be treated as described below in the section relating to the sale or disposition of our preferred stock, warrants, or common stock. Because we may not know the extent to which a distribution is a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes at the time it is made, for purposes of the withholding rules discussed below we or the applicable withholding agent may treat the entire distribution as a dividend.

Subject to the discussion below on backup withholding and foreign accounts, dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder of our preferred stock or common stock that are not effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States will be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax at a rate of 30% of the gross amount of the dividends (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty).

Non-U.S. holders will be entitled to a reduction in or an exemption from withholding on dividends as a result of either (1) an applicable income tax treaty or (2) the non-U.S. holder holding our preferred stock or common stock in connection with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States and dividends being effectively connected with that trade or business. To claim such a reduction in or exemption from withholding, the non-U.S. holder must provide the applicable withholding agent with a properly executed (a) IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E (or other applicable documentation) claiming an exemption from or reduction of the withholding tax under the benefit of an income tax treaty between the United States and the country in which the non-U.S. holder resides or is established, or (b) IRS Form W-8ECI stating that the dividends are not subject to withholding tax because they are effectively connected with the conduct by the non-U.S. holder of a trade or business within the United States, as may be applicable. These certifications must be provided to the applicable withholding agent prior to the payment of dividends and must be updated periodically. Non-U.S. holders that do not timely provide the applicable withholding agent with the required certification, but that qualify for a reduced rate under an applicable income tax treaty, may obtain a refund of any excess amounts withheld by timely filing an appropriate claim for refund with the IRS.

If dividends paid to a non-U.S. holder are effectively connected with the non-U.S. holder’s conduct of a trade or business within the United States (and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, the non-U.S. holder maintains a permanent establishment in the United States to which such dividends are attributable), then, although exempt from U.S. federal withholding tax (provided the non-U.S. holder provides appropriate certification, as described above, and subject to the discussion below on backup withholding and foreign accounts), the non-U.S. holder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on such dividends on a net income basis at the regular graduated U.S. federal income tax rates. In addition, a non-U.S. holder that is a corporation may be subject to a branch profits tax at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on its effectively connected earnings and profits for the taxable year that are attributable to such dividends, as adjusted for certain items. Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding their entitlement to benefits under any applicable income tax treaty.

Sale or Other Disposition of Preferred Stock, Warrants or Common Stock

Subject to the discussions below on backup withholding and foreign accounts, a non-U.S. holder will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any gain realized upon the sale or other taxable disposition of our preferred stock, warrants or common stock unless:

Gain described in the first bullet point above generally will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on a net income basis at the regular graduated rates. A Non-U.S. holder that is a corporation also may be subject to a branch profits tax at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on such effectively connected gain, as adjusted for certain items.

Gain described in the second bullet point above will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or such lower rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty) on any gain derived from the disposition, which may be offset by U.S. source capital losses of the non-U.S. holder (even though the individual is not considered a resident of the United States), provided the non-U.S. holder has timely filed U.S. federal income tax returns with respect to such losses.

With respect to the third bullet point above, we believe we are not currently and do not anticipate becoming a USRPHC. Because the determination of whether we are a USRPHC depends on the fair market value of our USRPIs relative to the fair market value of our other business assets and our non-U.S. real property interests, however, there can be no assurance we are not a USRPHC or will not become one in the future.

Non-U.S. holders should consult their tax advisors regarding potentially applicable income tax treaties that may provide for different rules.

Conversion of Our Preferred Stock into Our Common Stock

A non-U.S. holder will not recognize any gain or loss in respect of the receipt of our common stock upon the conversion of our preferred stock (except to the extent the non-U.S. holder receives a cash payment for any fractional share that would otherwise have been issuable upon conversion of the preferred stock).

Constructive Dividends on Preferred Stock

As described above under “—Tax Considerations Applicable to U.S. Persons—Constructive Dividends on Preferred Stock,” in certain circumstances, a non-U.S. holder will be deemed to receive a constructive distribution from us. Adjustments in the conversion rate (or failures to adjust the conversion rate) that increase the proportionate interest of a non-U.S. holder in our earnings and profits could result in deemed distributions to the non-U.S. holder that are treated as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Any constructive dividend deemed paid to a non-U.S. holder will be subject to U.S. federal income tax or withholding tax in the manner described above under “—Tax Considerations Applicable to Non-U.S. Holders—Distributions on Preferred Stock and Common Stock.” It is possible that U.S. federal tax on the constructive dividend would be withheld, if applicable, from subsequent payments on the preferred stock or our common stock.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Subject to the discussion below on foreign accounts, a non-U.S. holder will not be subject to backup withholding with respect to distributions on our preferred stock, warrants or common stock we make to the non-U.S. holder, provided the applicable withholding agent does not have actual knowledge or reason to know such holder is a United States person and the holder timely certifies its non-U.S. status, such as by providing a valid IRS Form W-8BEN, W- 8BEN-E or W-8ECI, or other applicable certification. However, information returns generally will be filed with the IRS in connection with any distributions (including deemed distributions) made on our preferred stock, warrants and common stock to the non-U.S. holder, regardless of whether any tax was actually withheld. Copies of these information returns may also be made available under the provisions of a specific treaty or agreement to the tax authorities of the country in which the non-U.S. holder resides or is established.

Information reporting and backup withholding may apply to the proceeds of a sale or other taxable disposition of our preferred stock, warrants or common stock within the United States, and information reporting may (although backup withholding generally will not) apply to the proceeds of a sale or other taxable disposition of our preferred stock, warrants or common stock outside the United States conducted through certain U.S.-related financial intermediaries, in each case, unless the beneficial owner timely certifies under penalty of perjury that it is a non-U.S. holder on IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E, or other applicable form (and the payor does not have actual knowledge or reason to know that the beneficial owner is a U.S. person) or such owner otherwise timely establishes an exemption. Proceeds of a disposition of our preferred stock, warrants or common stock conducted through a non-U.S. office of a non-U.S. broker generally will not be subject to backup withholding or information reporting.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be allowed as a refund or a credit against a non-U.S. holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Additional Withholding Tax on Payments Made to Foreign Accounts

Withholding taxes may be imposed under the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, on certain types of payments made to non-U.S. financial institutions and certain other non-U.S. entities. Specifically, a 30% withholding tax may be imposed on dividends (including deemed dividends) paid on our preferred stock, warrants or common stock, or gross proceeds from the sale or other disposition of our preferred stock, warrants or common stock paid to a “foreign financial institution” or a “non-financial foreign entity” (each as defined in the Code), unless (1) the foreign financial institution undertakes certain diligence and reporting obligations, (2) the non-financial foreign entity either certifies it does not have any “substantial United States owners” (as defined in the Code) or furnishes identifying information regarding each substantial United States owner, or (3) the foreign financial institution or non-financial foreign entity otherwise qualifies for an exemption from these rules. If the payee is a foreign financial institution and is subject to the diligence and reporting requirements in (1) above, it must enter into an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Treasury requiring, among other things, that it undertake to identify accounts held by certain “specified United States persons” or “United States-owned foreign entities” (each as defined in the Code), annually report certain information about such accounts, and withhold 30% on certain payments to non-compliant foreign financial institutions and certain other account holders. Foreign financial institutions located in jurisdictions that have an intergovernmental agreement with the United States governing FATCA may be subject to different rules.

Under the applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations and administrative guidance, withholding under FATCA generally applies to payments of dividends (including deemed dividends) and, subject to the proposed Treasury Regulations discussed below, proceeds from sales or other dispositions of our stock or warrants.  The U.S. Department of the Treasury has proposed regulations which eliminate the federal withholding tax of 30% applicable to the gross proceeds of a sale or other disposition of our securities. Withholding agents may rely on the proposed Treasury Regulations until final regulations are issued. Because we may not know the extent to which a distribution is a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes at the time it is made, for purposes of these withholding rules we or the applicable withholding agent may treat the entire distribution as a dividend. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of these withholding provisions.

AS INDICATED ABOVE, THE FOREGOING DISCUSSION IS FOR GENERAL INFORMATION PURPOSES ONLY AND SHOULD NOT BE VIEWED AS COMPLETE OR COMPREHENSIVE TAX ADVICE. HOLDERS RECEIVING A DISTRIBUTION OF SUBSCRIPTION RIGHTS CONTEMPLATED IN THIS RIGHTS OFFERING AND HOLDERS CONSIDERING THE ACQUISITION OF OUR SERIES I PREFERRED STOCK AND WARRANTS BY EXERCISING SUCH SUBSCRIPTION RIGHTS ARE URGED TO CONSULT THEIR OWN TAX ADVISORS REGARDING THE APPLICATION OF THE U.S. FEDERAL TAX LAWS TO THEIR PARTICULAR SITUATIONS AND THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF STATE, LOCAL AND NON-U.S. LAWS TO THEM.

DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

The following summary of the material terms of our securities is not intended to be a complete description of all of the rights and preferences of such securities. Because it is only a summary, it does not contain all of the information that may be important to you, and is qualified by reference to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, our amended and restated bylaws, the certificates of designation establishing the terms of each series of our preferred stock  (together, the “Certificates of Designation”), the Section 382 Rights Agreement and the form of common stock purchase warrant issuable in the rights offering, which are exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. We urge you to read each of the amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws, Certificates of Designation, the Section 382 Rights Agreement and the form of common stock purchase warrant in their entirety for a complete description of the rights and preferences of our securities.

General

Our authorized capital stock consists of 300,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share.

Common Stock

Subject to the rights and preferences of any outstanding preferred stock, each share of common stock is entitled to receive, when and as declared by the board of directors, out of our available assets at such time, such dividends as may be declared from time to time by the board of directors.

If our company is liquidated, any assets that remain after the creditors are paid, and the owners of preferred stock receive any liquidation preferences, will be distributed to the owners of our common stock pro-rata. Neither the merger or consolidation by us into or with any other corporation, nor the merger or consolidation of any other corporation into or with us, nor the sale, lease, exchange or other disposition (for cash, shares of stock, securities, or other consideration) of all or substantially all our assets, will be deemed to be a dissolution, liquidation, or winding up of our business, whether voluntary or involuntary.

Each share of our common stock entitles the owner to one vote. There is no cumulative voting. Our directors are elected by a plurality of the votes of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at meetings of our stockholders and entitled to vote in the election of directors.

Our common stock does not carry any redemption rights or any preemptive rights enabling a holder to subscribe for, or receive shares of, any class of our common stock or any other securities convertible into shares of any class of our common stock.

Preferred Stock

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes our board of directors to issue “blank check” preferred stock. The board of directors may divide this stock into series and set their rights. Under the terms of our certificate of incorporation, our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our stockholders, to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to determine and alter all rights, preferences, and privileges and qualifications, limitations, and restrictions thereof (including, without limitation, voting rights and the limitation and exclusion thereof), applicable to the shares of each series. The ability of our board to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control of us or the removal of existing management.

Series D Preferred Stock

In August 2020, a series of our preferred stock was designated as Series D Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series D preferred stock”) consisting of 150,000 designated shares. As of July 29, 2022, 22,077 shares of Series D preferred stock were outstanding, which are convertible into 1,368,211 shares of our common stock.

Whenever our board declares a dividend on the common stock, holders of Series D preferred stock will be entitled to receive an amount equal to such dividend declared on one share of common stock multiplied by the number of shares of common stock into which the Series D preferred stock could be converted on the record date.

Holders of Series D preferred stock may convert some or all of the Series D Preferred Stock into shares (“Conversion Shares”) of common stock at a 10% discount to market, provided that we may not issue Conversion Shares in excess of 5,260,850 shares (19.99% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of the date of the initial call closing) without shareholder approval, which we are not required to seek.

We have the right to redeem any outstanding shares of Series D preferred stock at a price of $110 per share, payable in cash or in registered shares of common stock.

Except with respect to transactions which may adversely affect any right, preference, privilege or voting power of the Series D preferred stock, the Series D preferred stock has no voting rights.

Series F Preferred Stock

In April 2022, a series of our preferred stock was designated as Series F Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series F preferred stock”) consisting of 1,740 designated shares. As of July 29, 2022, 1,740 shares of Series F preferred stock were outstanding.

Holders of Series F preferred stock will be entitled to receive dividends equal to the dividend declared on one share of common stock multiplied by the number of shares of common stock into which the Series F preferred stock could be converted on the record date.

In the event of our liquidation, holders of Series F preferred stock will be entitled to receive an amount per share of Series F preferred stock calculated by taking the total amount available for distribution to holders of all outstanding common stock before deduction of any preference payments for the Series F preferred stock, divided by the total of (x) all of the then outstanding shares of common stock plus (y) all of the shares of common stock into which all of the outstanding shares of the Series F preferred stock can be converted, and then (z) multiplying the sum so obtained by the number of shares of common stock into which such share of Series F preferred stock could then be converted (the “Series F Liquidation Preference Amount”). After payment of the full Series F Liquidation Preference Amount, holders of Series F preferred stock will not be entitled to any further participation in the assets of our company.

Holders of Series F preferred stock may convert at any time some or all of the Series F preferred stock into a number of shares of common stock equal to $1,000 divided by $0.80, subject to the adjustment.

We have the right to redeem the Series F Preferred Stock at any time at a redemption price equal to $1,100 per share.

The Series F preferred stock has no voting rights, other than the right to vote for any amendment, waiver or repeal of any of the powers, designations, preferences and rights of the Series F preferred stock.

Series G Preferred Stock

In April 2022, a series of our preferred stock was designated as Series G Redeemable Preferred Stock (“Series G preferred stock”) consisting of 3,260 designated shares.

Holders of Series G preferred stock will be entitled to receive dividends commencing from July 1, 2022 at the rate of 6% per annum, compounded quarterly, of the stated value of $1,000 per share, subject to adjustment. The Series G dividends will increase by 1% per annum every quarter to a max of 12% per annum.

In the event of our liquidation, holders of Series G preferred stock will be entitled to receive an amount equal to $1,000 per share plus any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon (the “Series G Liquidation Preference Amount”). After payment of the full Series G Liquidation Preference Amount, holders of Series G preferred stock will not be entitled to any further participation in the assets of our company.

We have the right to redeem the Series G preferred stock at any time at a redemption price equal to the sum of the original issuance price per share and accrued and unpaid dividends.

The Series G preferred stock has no voting rights, other than the right to vote for any amendment, waiver or repeal of any of the powers, designations, preferences and rights of the Series G preferred stock.

Holders of Series G preferred stock have no conversion rights.

Series H Preferred Stock

The Series H Junior Participating Preferred Stock (“Series H preferred stock”) is reserved for issuance pursuant to the Rights Agreement (defined below). Upon issuance, each share of Series H preferred stock (i) will entitle the holder thereof, when, as and if declared, to quarterly dividend payments equal to the greater of $1.00 per share and 1,000 times the dividend declared per share of our common stock, (ii) will entitle the holder thereof to receive the greater of $1.00 per share (plus accrued and unpaid dividends) and 1,000 times the payment made per share of our common stock upon liquidation, and (iii will entitle the holder thereof to receive 1,000 times the amount received per share of our common stock if shares of common stock are exchanged via merger, consolidation or a similar transaction.

Holders of our Series H preferred stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights.

There are currently no shares of Series H preferred stock issued and outstanding.

Description of Rights Agreement

On April 7, 2022, we entered into a Section 382 Rights Agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) pursuant to which we issued the purchase rights. Pursuant to the Rights Agreement, our board of directors declared a dividend of one preferred share purchase right (a “Right”) for each outstanding share of our common stock to purchase from us one one-thousandth of a share of our Series H preferred stock at a price of $10.00 per one one-thousandth of a share of Series H preferred stock, subject to adjustment. The dividend was payable to stockholders of record on April 12, 2022.

The Rights Agreement is designed to prevent our company from facing a substantial limitation on our ability to use our Tax Benefits (as such term is defined in the Rights Agreement) to offset potential future income taxes for federal income tax purposes. Our  ability to use our Tax Benefits would be substantially limited if we experience an “ownership change,” as such term is defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). A company generally experiences an ownership change if the percentage of its shares of stock owned by its “5-percent shareholders,” as such term is defined in Section 382 of the Code, increases by more than 50 percentage points over a rolling three-year period. The Rights Agreement is intended to reduce the likelihood of an ownership change under Section 382 of the Code by deterring any Person (as such term is defined in the Rights Agreement) or group of affiliated or associated Persons from acquiring Beneficial Ownership (as such term is defined in the Rights Agreement) of 4.99% or more of the outstanding common stock.

The following is a summary of the terms of the Rights Agreement. The summary does not purport to be complete and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Rights Agreement.

Effectiveness. The Rights Agreement became effective on April 7, 2022 (the “Effective Date”). Upon and following the Effective Date, Rights will be issued in respect of all outstanding shares of common stock on the record date of April 12, 2022, and for all shares of common stock issued after such record date and, subject to the terms described in the Rights Agreement, prior to the earliest of the Distribution Date (as defined below), the redemption of the Rights or the expiration of the Rights as provided by the Rights Agreement.

Distribution and Transfer of Rights; Distribution Date; Rights Certificates. Subject to certain exceptions specified in the Rights Agreement, the Rights will separate from our common stock and become exercisable following the earlier of (i) 10 business days from the public announcement that a person or group of affiliated or associated persons has become an Acquiring Person (as defined below) or such earlier date on which a majority of our board becomes aware of the existence of an Acquiring Person or (ii) such date (prior to such time as any person or group of affiliated persons becomes an Acquiring Person), if any, as may be determined by action of the board, in its sole discretion, following the commencement of, or public announcement of an intention to commence, a tender or exchange offer the consummation of which would result in any person or group of affiliated or associated persons becoming an Acquiring Person (the earlier of such dates being called the “Distribution Date”). A person or group of affiliated or associated persons becomes an “Acquiring Person” upon acquiring Beneficial Ownership of 4.99% or more of the outstanding shares of common stock, except in certain situations (including a person or group of affiliated or associated persons that currently has Beneficial Ownership of the outstanding shares of common stock in excess of such thresholds unless and until such person or group becomes the Beneficial Owner of a percentage of shares of common stock outstanding that exceeds by 0.5% or more the percentage of shares of common stock outstanding that such person or group owned as of the first public announcement of the adoption of the Rights Agreement).

The Rights Agreement provides that, until the Distribution Date (or earlier redemption or expiration of the Rights), the Rights will be transferred with and only with the common stock. Until the Distribution Date (or earlier redemption or expiration of the Rights), new common stock certificates issued after the record date of April 12, 2022 upon transfer or new issuances of common stock will contain a legend incorporating the Rights Agreement by reference (and notice of such legend will be furnished to holders of book entry shares). Until the Distribution Date (or earlier redemption or expiration of the Rights), the surrender for transfer of any certificates for shares of common stock (or of any book entry shares of common stock) outstanding as of the record date of April 12, 2022, even without such legend (or notice of such legend) or a copy of the Summary of Rights, will also constitute the transfer of the Rights associated with the shares of common stock represented by such certificate (or book entry). As soon as practicable following the Distribution Date, separate certificates evidencing the Rights (“Right Certificates”) will be mailed to holders of record of the common stock as of the close of business on the Distribution Date and such separate Right Certificates alone will evidence the Rights.

The Rights are not exercisable until the Distribution Date. The Rights will expire on the earliest of (i) April 6, 2025, (ii) the effective date of the repeal of Section 382 or any successor statute if our board determines in its sole discretion that the Rights Agreement is no longer necessary or desirable for the preservation of NOLs or other tax benefits, (iii) the first day of our taxable year to which the our board determines in its sole discretion that no NOLs or other Tax Benefits may be carried forward or (iv) the day following the certification of the voting results of our 2022 annual meeting of stockholders, or any adjournment thereof, if at or before such annual meeting or adjournment thereof, a proposal to approve the Rights Agreement has not been approved by stockholders, unless the Rights are earlier redeemed or exchanged by us, in each case as described below, or upon the occurrence of certain transactions.

Exempt Persons and Transactions. The Rights Agreement includes procedures whereby our board will consider requests to exempt (a) any person or group (an “Exempt Person”) which would otherwise be an “Acquiring Person”, or (b) any transaction (an “Exempt Transaction”) resulting in the Beneficial Ownership of common stock, prior to the consummation of such transaction, from the Acquiring Person trigger, in each case as determined by our board in its sole discretion, provided that it shall only grant such an exemption if it determines in its sole discretion that such ownership would not reasonably be expected to jeopardize or endanger the availability of the NOLs or other tax benefits to our company or if it otherwise determines that the exemption is in our best interests; provided further that, (A) in the case of an Exempt Person, if our board later makes a contrary determination with respect to the effect of such person or group’s Beneficial Ownership with respect to the availability to us of our NOLs or other tax benefits, such person or group shall cease to be an Exempt Person and (B) in the case of an Exempt Person or Exempt Transaction, our board in its sole discretion may require the applicable person or group to make certain representations or undertakings, the violation or attempted violation of which will be subject to such consequences as our board may determine in its sole discretion, including that such person or group shall become an “Acquiring Person”.

Flip-In Trigger. If any person or group of affiliated or associated persons becomes an Acquiring Person, each holder of a Right (other than Rights beneficially owned by the Acquiring Person, affiliates and associates of the Acquiring Person and certain transferees thereof which will thereupon become null and void) will thereafter have the right to receive upon exercise of a Right that number of shares of common stock having a market value of two times the exercise price of the Right.

Flip-Over Trigger. If, after a person or group has become an Acquiring Person, the Company is acquired in a merger or other business combination transaction or 50% or more of its consolidated assets or earning power are sold, proper provisions will be made so that each holder of a Right (other than Rights beneficially owned by an Acquiring Person, affiliates and associates of the Acquiring Person and certain transferees thereof which will have become null and void) will thereafter have the right to receive upon the exercise of a Right that number of shares of common stock of the person with whom the Company has engaged in the foregoing transaction (or its parent) that at the time of such transaction have a market value of two times the exercise price of the Right.

Exchange. At any time after any person or group becomes an Acquiring Person and prior to the earlier of one of the events described in the previous paragraph or the acquisition by such Acquiring Person of 50% or more of the outstanding shares of common stock, our board may exchange the Rights (other than Rights owned by such Acquiring Person, affiliates and associates of the Acquiring Person and certain transferees thereof which will have become null and void), in whole or in part, for shares of our common stock at an exchange ratio of five shares of common stock per Right.

Redemption. At any time prior to the time any person or group becomes an Acquiring Person, our board may redeem the Rights in whole, but not in part, at a price of $0.001 per Right (the “Redemption Price”) payable, at our option, in cash, shares of common stock or such other form of consideration as our board shall determine in its sole discretion. The redemption of the Rights may be made effective at such time, on such basis and with such conditions as our board in its sole discretion may establish. Immediately upon any redemption of the Rights, the right to exercise the Rights will terminate and the only right of the holders of Rights will be to receive the Redemption Price.

Series I Preferred Stock Included in the Units Issuable in the Rights Offering

We will authorize the Series I preferred stock by filing a certificate of designation with the Secretary of State of Delaware. The certificate of designation may be authorized by our board without approval by our stockholders.

Dividends. Holders of Series I preferred stock will be entitled to receive dividends (on an as-if-converted-to-common-stock basis) in the same form as dividends actually paid on shares of the common stock when, as and if such dividends are paid on shares of common stock.

Liquidation Preference. Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, whether voluntary or involuntary, holders of Series I preferred stock will be entitled to receive out of our assets, whether capital or surplus, the same amount that a holder of common stock would receive if the Series I preferred stock were fully converted (disregarding for such purpose any conversion limitations under the certificate of designation) to common stock, which amounts shall be paid pari passu with all holders of common stock.

Redemption Rights. We are not obligated to redeem or repurchase any shares of Series I preferred stock. Shares of Series I preferred stock are not otherwise entitled to any redemption rights, or mandatory sinking fund or analogous provisions.

Voting Rights. Except as otherwise provided in the certificate of designation or as otherwise required by law, the Series I preferred stock has no voting rights.

Conversion. Each share of Series I preferred stock will be convertible at the option of the holder at any time, into the number of shares of our common stock determined by dividing the $1,000 stated value per share of the Series I preferred stock by a conversion price of $0.65 per share. In addition, the conversion price per share is subject to adjustment for stock dividends, distributions, subdivisions, combinations or reclassifications and for certain dilutive issuances. Subject to limited exceptions, a holder of the Series I preferred stock will not have the right to convert any portion of the Series I preferred stock to the extent that, after giving effect to the conversion, the holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to its conversion. A holder of the Series I preferred stock may not increase the beneficial ownership limitation provisions of such holder’s Series I preferred stock without our prior consent (which may be withheld in our sole discretion).

Fundamental Transactions. In the event we effect certain mergers, consolidations, sales of substantially all of our assets, tender or exchange offers, reclassifications or share exchanges in which our common stock is effectively converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, we consummate a business combination in which another person acquires 50% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, or any person or group becomes the beneficial owner of 50% of the aggregate ordinary voting power represented by our issued and outstanding common stock, then, upon any subsequent conversion of the Series I preferred stock, the holders of the Series I preferred stock will have the right to receive any shares of the acquiring corporation or other consideration it would have been entitled to receive if it had been a holder of the number of shares of common stock then issuable upon conversion in full of the Series I preferred stock.

Anti-Dilution Adjustment. If, at any time while the Series I preferred stock is outstanding, we sell or grant (or announce any offer, sale or grant) of any shares of common stock or common stock equivalents entitling any person to acquire shares of our common Stock at an effective price per share that is lower than the then conversion price (such lower price, the “Base Conversion Price”), then the conversion price will be reduced to equal the Base Conversion Price. The Base Conversion Price may not be less than $0.16. In addition, no conversion price adjustment will be made in respect of the following exempt issuances (each, an “Exempt Issuance”): (i) shares of common stock or options issued to employees or directors of our company pursuant to a plan, agreement or arrangement approved by the Board; (ii) securities exercisable or exchangeable for or convertible into shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding on the date of this Certificate of Designation, provided that such securities have not been amended since the date of this Certificate of Designation to increase the number of such securities or to decrease the exercise price, exchange price or conversion price of such securities (other than in connection with stock splits or combinations) or to extend the term of such securities; (iii) shares of Common Stock, options or convertible securities issued as acquisition consideration pursuant to the acquisition of another entity by the Company by merger, purchase of substantially all of the assets or other reorganization or to a joint venture agreement, provided that such issuances are approved by the Board and that such securities are issued as “restricted securities” (as defined in Rule 144) and carry no registration rights that require or permit the filing of any registration statement in connection therewith until the 180th day after the date of this Certificate of Designation, and provided further that any such issuance shall only be to a Person (or to the equity holders of a Person) which is, itself or through its subsidiaries, an operating company or an owner of an asset in a business synergistic with the business of the Company and shall provide to the Company additional benefits in addition to the investment of funds, but shall not include a transaction in which the Company is issuing securities primarily for the purpose of raising capital or to an entity whose primary business is investing in securities; (iv) shares of Common Stock, options or convertible securities issued in connection with sponsored research, collaboration, technology license, development, OEM, marketing or other similar agreements or strategic partnerships approved by the Board, provided that such securities are issued as “restricted securities” (as defined in Rule 144) and carry no registration rights that require or permit the filing of any registration statement in connection therewith until the 180th day after the date of this Certificate of Designation, and provided that any such issuance shall not include a transaction in which the Company is issuing securities primarily for the purpose of raising capital or to an entity whose primary business is investing in securities; and (v) shares of Common Stock issued in connection with the issuance of bona fide commercial bank debt or equipment lease transactions, provided that such issuances are approved by the Board and that such securities are issued as “restricted securities” (as defined in Rule 144) and carry no registration rights that require or permit the filing of any registration statement in connection therewith until the 180th day after the date of this Certificate of Designation.

Warrants Included in Units Issuable in Rights Offering

The warrants to be issued as a part of this rights offering will be separately transferable following their issuance and through their expiration five years from the date of issuance. Each Warrant will entitle the holder to purchase 1,538 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.70 per share from the date of issuance through its expiration. There is no public trading market for the warrants and we do not intend that they will be listed for trading on NYSE American or any other securities exchange or market. The common stock underlying the warrants, upon issuance, will also be traded on NYSE American under the symbol “NAVB.”

All warrants that are purchased in the rights offering as part of the Units will be issued in book-entry, or uncertificated, form meaning that you will receive a DRS account statement from our transfer agent reflecting ownership of Warrants if you are a holder of record. The subscription agent will arrange for the issuance of the warrants as soon as practicable after the closing. At closing, all prorating calculations and reductions contemplated by the terms of the rights offering will have been effected and payment to us for the subscribed-for Units will have cleared. If you hold your shares of common stock in the name of a bank, broker, dealer, or other nominee, DTC will credit your account with your nominee with the warrants you purchased in the rights offering. The warrants will be issued pursuant to a warrant agent agreement by and between us and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, the warrant agent.

Exercisability

Each warrant will be exercisable at any time and will expire five years from the date of issuance. The warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice and payment in full for the number of shares of our common stock purchased upon such exercise, except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below. The number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants is subject to adjustment in certain circumstances, including a stock split of, stock dividend on, or a subdivision, combination or recapitalization of the common stock. If we effect a merger, consolidation, sale of substantially all of our assets, or other similar transaction, then, upon any subsequent exercise of a warrants, the warrant holder will have the right to receive any shares of the acquiring corporation or other consideration it would have been entitled to receive if it had been a holder of the number of shares of common stock then issuable upon exercise in full of the warrant.

Cashless Exercise

If at any time there is no effective registration statement registering, or the prospectus contained therein is not available for issuance of, the shares issuable upon exercise of the warrant, the holder may exercise the warrant on a cashless basis. When exercised on a cashless basis, a portion of the warrant is cancelled in payment of the purchase price payable in respect of the number of shares of our common stock purchasable upon such exercise.

Exercise Price

Each warrant represents the right to purchase 1,538 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.70 per share. In addition, the exercise price per share is subject to adjustment for stock dividends, distributions, subdivisions, combinations, or reclassifications, and for certain dilutive issuances. Subject to limited exceptions, a holder of warrants will not have the right to exercise any portion of the warrant to the extent that, after giving effect to the exercise, the holder, together with its affiliates, and any other person acting as a group together with the holder or any of its affiliates, would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to its exercise. The holder may not increase the beneficial ownership limitation provisions of the warrant with our prior consent (which may be withheld in our sole discretion).

Anti-Dilution Protection

If, at any time after the initial exercise date of the warrants until the two (2) year anniversary of the initial exercise date, we sell or grant (or announce any offer to sell or grant) any shares of common stock or common stock equivalents entitling any person to acquire shares of our common Stock at an effective price per share that is lower than the then exercise price (such lower price, the “Base Share Price”), then the exercise price will be reduced to equal the Base Share Price. The Base Share Price may not be less than $0.16. In addition, no conversion price adjustment will be made in respect of an Exempt Issuance.

Redemption Right

We may redeem the warrants at a price of $0.01 per underlying share of common stock at any time following the one year anniversary of issuance if the volume-weighted average price of our common stock is above $2.10 for ten consecutive trading days, subject to certain conditions and limitations.

Fundamental Transactions

In the event of a fundamental transaction, as described in the warrants and generally including, with certain exceptions, any reorganization, recapitalization or reclassification of our common stock, the sale, transfer or other disposition of all or substantially all of our properties or assets, our consolidation or merger with or into another person, the acquisition of more than 50% of our outstanding common stock, or any person or group becoming the beneficial owner of 50% of the voting power represented by our outstanding common stock, the holders of the warrants will be entitled to receive upon exercise of the warrants the kind and amount of securities, cash or other property that the holders would have received had they exercised the warrants immediately prior to such fundamental transaction. Additionally, as more fully described in the warrant, in the event of certain fundamental transactions, the holders of the warrants will be entitled to receive consideration in an amount equal to the Black Scholes value of the warrants on the date of consummation of such transaction.

Transferability

Subject to applicable laws and restrictions, a holder may transfer a warrant upon surrender of the warrant to us with a completed and signed assignment in the form attached to the warrant. The transferring holder will be responsible for any tax that liability that may arise as a result of the transfer.

Rights as Stockholder

Except as set forth in the warrant, the holder of a warrant, solely in such holder’s capacity as a holder of a warrant, will not be entitled to vote, to receive dividends, or to any of the other rights of our stockholders.

Amendments and Waivers

The provisions of each warrant may be modified or amended or the provisions thereof waived with the written consent of us and the holder.

Anti-Takeover Charter Provisions and Laws

Some features of our certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws and the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”), which are further described below, may have the effect of deterring third parties from making takeover bids for control of our company or may be used to hinder or delay a takeover bid.

Limitations on Stockholder Actions

Our certificate of incorporation provides that stockholder action may only be taken at a meeting of the stockholders. Thus, an owner of a majority of the voting power could not take action to replace the board of directors, or any class of directors, without a meeting of the stockholders, nor could he amend the bylaws without presenting the amendment to a meeting of the stockholders. Furthermore, under the provisions of the certificate of incorporation and bylaws, only the board of directors has the power to call a special meeting of stockholders. Therefore, a stockholder, even one who owns a majority of the voting power, may neither replace sitting board of directors members nor amend the bylaws before the next annual meeting of stockholders.

Advance Notice Provisions

Our bylaws establish advance notice procedures for the nomination of candidates for election as directors by stockholders, as well as for other stockholder proposals to be considered at annual meetings. Generally, we must receive a notice of intent to nominate a director or raise any other matter at a stockholder meeting not less than 120 days before the first anniversary of the mailing of our proxy statement for the previous year’s annual meeting. The notice must contain required information concerning the person to be nominated or the matters to be brought before the meeting and concerning the stockholder submitting the proposal.

Delaware Law

As a Delaware corporation, we are subject to Section 203 of the DGCL, which provides that a corporation may not engage in any business combination with an interested stockholder during the three years after the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder unless:

An interested stockholder is anyone who owns 15% or more of a corporation’s voting stock, or who is an affiliate or associate of the corporation and was the owner of 15% or more of the corporation’s voting stock at any time within the previous three years; and the affiliates and associates of any those persons. Section 203 of the DGCL makes it more difficult for an interested stockholder to implement various business combinations with our company for a three-year period, although our stockholders may vote to exclude it from the law’s restrictions.

Classified Board

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws divide our board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms. There are currently four directors. One class is comprised of two directors and a second and third classes are comprised on one director each. At each annual meeting of stockholders, the terms of one class of directors will expire and the newly nominated directors of that class will be elected for a term of three years. The board of directors will be able to determine the total number of directors constituting the full board of directors and the number of directors in each class, but the total number of directors may not exceed nine nor may the number of directors in any class exceed six. No reduction in the total number of directors or in the number of directors in a given class will have the effect of removing a director from office or reducing the term of any then-sitting director. Stockholders may only remove directors for cause. If the board of directors increases the number of directors in a class, it will be able to fill the vacancies created for the full remaining term of a director in that class even though the term may extend beyond the next annual meeting. The directors will also be able to fill any other vacancies for the full remaining term of the director whose death, resignation or removal caused the vacancy.

A person who has a majority of the voting power at a given meeting will not in any one year be able to replace a majority of the directors since only one class of the directors will stand for election in any one year. As a result, at least two annual meeting elections will be required to change the majority of the directors by the requisite vote of stockholders. The purpose of classifying the board of directors is to provide for a continuing body, even in the face of a person who accumulates a sufficient amount of voting power, whether by ownership or proxy or a combination, to have a majority of the voting power at a given meeting and who may seek to take control of our Company without paying a fair premium for control to all of the owners of our common stock. This will allow the board of directors time to negotiate with such a person and to protect the interests of the other stockholders who may constitute a majority of the shares not actually owned by that person. However, it may also have the effect of deterring third parties from making takeover bids for control of our Company or may be used to hinder or delay a takeover bid.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

As soon as practicable after August 3, 2022, we will distribute the subscription rights, rights certificates and this prospectus to persons who were holders of our common stock, Underwriter Warrants, Series D preferred stock or Series F preferred stock at 4:00 p.m., Eastern Time, on August 3, 2022, the Record Date for the rights offering. If your stock or warrants are held in the name of a custodian bank, broker, dealer or other nominee, then you should send your subscription documents and subscription payment to that record holder. If you are the record holder, then you should send your subscription documents, rights certificate, and subscription payment to the subscription agent at the address provided below. Do not send or deliver these materials to the Company.

If you have any questions, you should contact our information agent, Broadridge, toll free at (888) 789-8409.

Other than as described in this prospectus, we do not know of any existing agreements between any stockholder, broker, dealer, underwriter or agent relating to the sale or distribution of the underlying securities.

Maxim Group LLC will act as dealer-manager for the rights offering. The dealer-manager will provide marketing assistance and financial advice (including determining the subscription price and the structure of the rights offering) to us in connection with this offering and will use its best efforts to inform investors of their subscription rights. The dealer-manager will provide us with updated investor feedback and recommendations on pricing and structure through to the end of the subscription period. The dealer- manager is not underwriting or placing any of the subscription rights or the shares of our Series I preferred stock or warrants being issued in this offering and do not make any recommendation with respect to such subscription rights (including with respect to the exercise or expiration of such subscription rights), shares or warrants.

In connection with this rights offering, we have agreed to pay the dealer-manager a cash fee equal to 6.5% of the gross proceeds received by us directly from exercises of the subscription rights; provided that the cash fee will be 3.5% with respect to the exercise of any subscription rights by our current directors. We advanced $25,000 (the “Advance”) to Maxim Group LLC as an advance against such out-of-pocket expenses upon engagement as dealer-manager and agreed to reimburse reasonable and documented out-of-pocket expenses of the dealer-manager, included fees and expenses of outside counsel, up to $90,000 (including the Advance). Any portion of the Advance not offset by actual expenses will be returned to us.

Upon successful completion of the rights offering, for a period of fifteen (15) months from the final closing, and in compliance with Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA”) Rule 5110(g)(6)(A), we will grant Maxim Group LLC the right of first refusal to act as lead managing underwriter, lead book runner or lead placement agent for any and all future public and private equity, equity-linked, debt offerings or other capital raising activity (other than the exercise by any person or entity of options, warrants or convertible securities) of the Company, or any successor to or any subsidiary of the Company, during such fifteen (15) month period.

We have also agreed to indemnify the dealer-manager and its affiliates against certain liabilities arising under the Securities Act. The dealer-manager’s participation in this offering is subject to customary conditions contained in the dealer-manager agreement, including the receipt by the dealer-manager of an opinion of our counsel. The dealer-manager and its affiliates may provide to us from time to time in the future in the ordinary course of their business certain financial advisory, investment banking and other services for which they will be entitled to receive fees.

Subject to certain exceptions, we have agreed not to offer, issue, sell, contract to sell, encumber, grant any option for the sale of or otherwise dispose of any shares of common stock or other securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for shares of common stock for a period of 90 days after the expiration of this rights offering.

We have not agreed to enter into any standby or other arrangement to purchase or sell any rights or any of our securities.

MANAGEMENT

Directors and Executive Officers

The following sets forth certain information about our directors and executive officers as of July 29, 2022.

Alexander L. Cappello has served as a director of Navidea since July 2021. Mr. Cappello has led several public and private companies over the past 48 years, including Cappello Global, LLC, a global investment bank, whose principals have transacted business in over 55 countries. He is also a director of The Cheesecake Factory Incorporated (Nasdaq), lead director of Virco Manufacturing Corporation (Nasdaq), lead director of The Agnew Companies and Caldera Medical Corp. Mr. Cappello is a director of RAND Corporation’s Center for Middle East Public Policy, the Center for Global Risk and Security, and the RAND-Russia Forum. Mr. Cappello is a former Chairman of Intelligent Energy, PLC (LSE), Inter-Tel (Nasdaq), and Geothermal Resources Intl. (AMEX), and a former director of Nano Financial Holdings and California Republic Bank. He is also a former advisor to the board of Gusmer Enterprises and former trustee of University of Southern California, and trustee and chairman of the investment committee of City of Hope. Mr. Cappello received a B.S. in management and finance from the Marshall School of Business at the University of Southern California.

John K. Scott, Jr. has served as a director of Navidea since July 2021. Mr. Scott has served as the owner and manager of PCS, Inc. since 1997, where he is responsible for directing the acquisition, financing, sales and operations for land entitlement and development for privately owned condominium, apartment, hotel, single family and retail projects in California, Colorado and Texas. He has also served as the general partner of NJD, Ltd., a Texas limited partnership, since 1997 and as the managing member of Merging Interests, Inc. since 1980. Mr. Scott also has extensive experience in conducting due diligence, feasibility studies, financial analysis, cost estimates and transaction negotiations for the purchase, lease, development, marketing and sale of projects and properties. Mr. Scott earned a B.S. in agricultural economics with an emphasis on construction management and real estate from the University of Wisconsin.

Amit Bhalla has served as a director of Navidea since May 2021. Mr. Bhalla has served as the Chief Financial Officer of Infinity BiologiX, LLC since November 2020. From 2015 to 2020, he served as Senior Healthcare Analyst for Lord, Abbett & Co as well as Investment Council Member for Lord, Abbett’s Healthcare Fund. Prior to that, Mr. Bhalla served in various roles including Vice President-Global Strategy & Development for Becton, Dickinson and Company, Director-Equity Research-Life Science Tools/Medical Technology for Citi, Vice President-Equity Research-Emerging Medical Technology and Analyst-Equity Research-Specialty Pharmaceuticals for Morgan Stanley, and Associate-Technical Operations/Research & Development for Johnson & Johnson’s Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical. Mr. Bhalla received his B.S. in biology from Cornell University and his M.B.A. from Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University.

Malcolm G. Witter has served as a director of Navidea since December 2020. Mr. Witter has over 40 years of operational and investment leadership experience, serving as investment banker, Chief Financial Officer, and advisor to many companies and private organizations. From 2016 to 2021, he served as the Corporate Development Regional Manager for USI Insurance Services (“USI”) where he was responsible for acquiring independent insurance agencies. From 2010 to 2016, Mr. Witter was Business Development Manager for Kibble & Prentice, Inc., a USI company. Prior to USI, Mr. Witter held roles at multiple financial institutions including Kibble & Prentice Financial, Compass Capital Fund Management, Bear, Stearns & Co., and Dean Witter Reynolds. Mr. Witter is a director of the Dean Witter Foundation and an Advisor to American Research Capital. Mr. Witter received his M.B.A. from the Stanford Graduate School of Business.

Michael S. Rosol, Ph.D., has served as Chief Medical Officer of Navidea since December 2018. Prior to joining Navidea, Dr. Rosol served as Associate Director in the Clinical and Translational Imaging Group at Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research from November 2016 to December 2018. Before that, he held positions as Senior Director of Business Development at Elucid Bioimaging, Inc. where he drove adoption of its Computer-Aided Phenotyping applications from May 2016 to November 2016, and as Chief Scientific Officer of MediLumine, Inc. from October 2015 to May 2016. Prior to those roles, he was the Head of the Translational Imaging Group at Novartis Pharmaceuticals Group from October 2012 to March 2015. His training and experience lie in the fields of biophysics, physiology, and biological/medical imaging, and his work has focused on cardiovascular imaging, preclinical and clinical imaging instrumentation and applications, animal models of human disease, pathophysiology, biomarkers, and imaging in toxicological and clinical trials. He has also served as faculty in Radiology and Director of two academic research imaging facilities. Dr. Rosol holds a Ph.D. from Boston University School of Medicine.

Erika L. Eves has served as Vice President, Finance and Administration of Navidea since November 2020. Ms. Eves has served the Company in several roles of increasing responsibility beginning in March 1992, including Accounting Clerk, Staff Accountant, Senior Accountant, Controller and Director of Finance and Administration. In addition to directing the financial operations of the Company, she is responsible for internal and external financial reporting including all SEC filings, maintaining a system of internal controls, and managing banking and vendor relationships. Ms. Eves earned a B.S.B.A. in Accounting from The Ohio State University and is a Certified Public Accountant.

In November 2021, following the resignation of the Company’s former Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer, Jed. A. Latkin, our board of directors established an Executive Leadership Committee to lead the Company on an interim basis while its next CEO is identified. The Executive Leadership Committee includes Michael Rosol, Ph.D., our Chief Medical Officer; Erika Eves, our Vice President of Finance and Administration; and Jeffrey Smith, our Vice President of Operations. The Executive Leadership Committee works under the guidance of a Board Oversight Committee, consisting of Alexander L. Cappello and John K. Scott, Jr.

Board Composition and Independence

Our board of directors currently consists of four members. All directors hold office until their successors have been elected and qualified or until their earlier death, resignation, disqualification or removal. We have divided the terms of office of the directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms: Class I directors include Mr. Bhalla and Mr. Cappello and their term will expire at the 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders; Class II directors include Mr. Scott and his term will expire at the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders; and Class III directors include Mr. Witter and his term will expire at the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Our board of directors has adopted the definition of “independence” as described under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Section 301, Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and Section 803A of the NYSE American Company Guide. Our board of directors has determined that Messrs. Bhalla, Cappello and Witter meet the independence requirements.

Board Committees

Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee

The Compensation, Nominating and Governance (“CNG”) Committee discharges the board’s responsibilities relating to the compensation of the Company's directors, executive officers and associates, identifies and recommends to the board of directors nominees for election to the board, and assists the board in the implementation of sound corporate governance principles and practices. With respect to its compensation functions, the CNG Committee evaluates and approves executive officer compensation and reviews and makes recommendations to the board with respect to director compensation, including incentive or equity-based compensation plans; reviews and evaluates any discussion and analysis of executive officer and director compensation included in the Company’s annual report or proxy statement, and prepares and approves any report on executive officer and director compensation for inclusion in the Company’s annual report or proxy statement required by applicable rules and regulations; and monitors and evaluates, at the Committee’s discretion, matters relating to the compensation and benefits structure of the Company and such other domestic and foreign subsidiaries or affiliates, as it deems appropriate. A copy of the CNG Committee Charter is posted on the Company’s website at www.navidea.com. The members of our CNG Committee include Malcolm G. Witter (Chair), Alexander L. Cappello and John K. Scott, Jr.

Audit Committee

The Audit Committee selects our independent registered public accounting firm with whom the Audit Committee reviews the scope of audit and non-audit assignments and related fees, the accounting principles that we use in financial reporting, and the adequacy of our internal control procedures. The current members of our Audit Committee include Malcolm G. Witter (Chair), Amit Bhalla, and Alexander L. Cappello, each of whom is “independent” under Section 803A of the NYSE American Company Guide, and each of whom meets the requirements of an “audit committee financial expert” as set forth in Section 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC. A copy of the Amended and Restated Audit Committee Charter is posted on the Company’s website at www.navidea.com.

Board of Directors Leadership Structure and Role in Risk Oversight

Our board of directors has determined that it is generally in the best interests of the Company and its stockholders that the roles of the Chairperson of the board of directors (the “Board Chair”) and Chief Executive Officer be held by different individuals within our organization. Our Chief Executive Officer is responsible for setting the strategic direction for the Company and the day-to-day leadership and performance of the Company, while the Board Chair provides strategic guidance, presides over meetings of the full board, and acts as the lead independent director. Our board of directors believes that this structure helps facilitate the role of the independent directors in the oversight of the Company and the active participation of the independent directors in setting agendas and establishing priorities and procedures that work for the board of directors. The Board Chair also acts as a key liaison between the board of directors and management. Moreover, in addition to feedback provided during the course of meetings of the board of directors, our independent directors have executive sessions led by the Board Chair. Our Board Chair acts as a liaison between the independent directors and the Chief Executive Officer regarding any specific feedback or issues following an executive session of independent directors, provides the Chief Executive Officer with input regarding agenda items for board and committee meetings, and coordinates with the Chief Executive Officer regarding information to be provided to the independent directors in performing their duties. From time to time, particularly during periods of leadership transition, a lead independent director may be appointed until an independent Board Chair is named.

Our Chief Executive Officer and senior management are responsible for the day-to-day management of the risks we face. Our board of directors, as a whole and through its committees, has responsibility for the oversight of risk management, including general oversight of (i) the financial exposure of the Company, (ii) risk exposure as related to overall company portfolio and impact on earnings, (iii), oversight for information technology security and risk, and (iv) all systems, processes, and organizational structures and people responsible for finance and risk functions. Certain risks are overseen by committees of the board of directors and these committees make reports to the full board, including reports on noteworthy risk management issues. Financial risks are overseen by the Audit Committee which meets with management to review the Company’s major financial risk exposure and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures. Compensation risks are overseen by the CNG Committee.

Members of the Company’s senior management report to the full board about their areas of responsibility, including reports regarding risk within such area of responsibility and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures. Additional review or reporting of risks is conducted as needed or as requested by the board of directors or a committee.

Additionally, starting in the first quarter of 2020, our board of directors has included in their regular meetings consideration and discussion of the Company’s management during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including with regard to the Company’s operations, financial position and liquidity, communications strategy, personnel management and government affairs engagement, among other items.

Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

None of the members of our CNG Committee during the past year was an officer or employee of the Company. None of our executive officers currently serves, or in the past year served, as a member of a compensation committee (or other committee serving an equivalent function) or director of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our compensation committee or our board of directors.

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Summary Compensation

The following table sets forth certain information concerning the compensation of our named executive officers for the last three fiscal years.

Summary Compensation Table for Fiscal 2021

All Other Compensation

The following table describes each component of the amounts shown in the “All Other Compensation” column in the Summary Compensation Table above.

All Other Compensation Table for Fiscal 2021

Employment Agreement and Separation Agreement with Mr. Latkin

Effective July 27, 2020 through October 24, 2021, Mr. Latkin was employed under an employment agreement that provided for an annual base salary of $490,000. For the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021, the CNG Committee determined that the maximum bonus payment to Mr. Latkin would be $367,500. No bonus was paid to Mr. Latkin due to his resignation prior to payment of bonuses in 2022.

On November 23, 2021, Mr. Latkin signed a Separation Agreement and General Release (the “Separation Agreement”) in connection with his resignation from those positions and as a director on October 24, 2021 (the “Separation Date”). Pursuant to the Separation Agreement, among other things, the Company agreed to provide Mr. Latkin with certain separation benefits, commencing on the “Effective Date,” defined as the eighth day after Mr. Latkin signs, without revoking, the Separation Agreement. These separation benefits include continued payment of Mr. Latkin’s base salary of $490,000, less all relevant taxes and other withholdings, on the following basis: (i) for 12 months, 100% of his base salary, minus an aggregate $24,000 deducted monthly pro rata, and (ii) for 10 months following the expiration of the first 12-month period, 50% of his base salary. On the Effective Date, each of Mr. Latkin’s unvested stock options vested, and all of his vested stock options (covering 69,918 shares) and previously unvested options (covering 333,332 shares) may be exercised by Mr. Latkin on or before the earlier of the fifth anniversary of the Separation Date and the original expiration date. On the Effective Date, each of Mr. Latkin’s 33,333 outstanding unvested restricted stock units became fully vested, and all of such restricted stock units were settled within thirty days after the Separation Date, less applicable withholding in shares of common stock. The Company agreed to pay Mr. Latkin’s attorney fees in the amount of $24,000, and to reimburse expenses pursuant to Company policy. For purposes of assistance provided in certain litigation matters, the Company agreed to pay Mr. Latkin $250 per hour, subject to certain limitations. Mr. Latkin will also be entitled to receive, subject to his timely execution and non-revocation of the Separation Agreement, a payment equal to up to one percent of total capital raised during the twenty-two months following the Separation Date through one of two investment banking firms introduced to the Company by Mr. Latkin, less relevant taxes and withholdings and subject to certain payment terms. In addition, Mr. Latkin and the Company generally released each other from any and all claims each may have against the other.

Grants of Plan-Based Awards

The following table sets forth certain information about plan-based awards that we made to the named executive officers during fiscal 2021.

Grants of Plan-Based Awards Table for Fiscal 2021

Outstanding Equity Awards

The following table presents certain information concerning outstanding equity awards held by the named executive officers as of December 31, 2021.

Outstanding Equity Awards Table at Fiscal 2021 Year-End

Options Exercised and Stock Vested

The following table presents, with respect to the named executive officers, certain information about option exercises and restricted stock vested during fiscal 2021.

Options Exercised and Stock Vested Table for Fiscal 2021

Compensation of Non-Employee Directors

From January 1, 2021 through November 15, 2021, each non-employee director received an annual retainer of $50,000. The Chair of the Company’s Board of Directors received an additional annual retainer of $30,000. Audit and CNG Committee members received an annual retainer of $2,500 for each committee on which they served. The Chair of the Audit Committee received an additional annual retainer of $7,500, and the Chair of the CNG Committee received an additional annual retainer of $5,000 for their services in those capacities. Of the retainers earned from April 1, 2021 through November 15, 2021, fifty percent were paid in cash and fifty percent were paid in shares of common stock of the Company, based on the closing market price of the stock at the end of each quarter. Each non-employee director also received 2,500 shares of restricted stock and 2,500 options to purchase stock at $2.28 per share during 2021 as a part of the Company’s annual stock incentive grants, in accordance with the provisions of the Navidea Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. 2014 Stock Incentive Plan. The restricted stock and stock options granted will vest on the first anniversary of the date of grant. We also reimbursed non-employee directors for travel expenses for meetings attended during 2021.

In October 2021, the Board of Directors retained the services of a compensation consultant, F.W. Cook, to evaluate the compensation of the non-employee Directors. Based on the recommendation of F.W. Cook, our board of directors has adopted a non-employee director compensation policy, beginning November 16, 2021. Under the policy, our non-employee directors are eligible to receive the following cash compensation for their services:

In addition, each non-employee director also received an annual retainer of 30,000 shares of unrestricted common stock, which are payable in equal monthly issuances over 12 months, as well as 30,000 shares of restricted stock that will vest as to one-third on each of the first three anniversaries of the date of grant. The policy also provides for the reimbursement of our non-employee directors for reasonable and documented travel expenses to attend meetings of our board of directors and committees of our board of directors. Mr. Scott has elected to defer the reimbursement of  any travel expenses until at least September 30, 2022.

The aggregate number of equity awards outstanding as December 31, 2021 for each Director is set forth in the footnotes to the beneficial ownership table provided in the section entitled “Principal Stockholders.” Directors who are also officers or employees of Navidea do not receive any compensation for their services as directors.

The following table sets forth information concerning the compensation of non-employee Directors for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. 

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS

We adhere to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which states that no director, officer or employee of Navidea should have any personal interest that is incompatible with the loyalty and responsibility owed to our company.  We adopted a written policy regarding related party transactions in December 2015.  When considering whether to enter into or ratify a related party transaction, the Audit Committee considers a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the nature and type of the proposed transaction, the potential value of the proposed transaction, the impact on the actual or perceived independence of the related party and the potential value to our company of entering into such a transaction.  All proposed transactions with a potential value of greater than $120,000 must be approved or ratified by the Audit Committee.

SEC disclosure rules regarding transactions with related persons require us to provide information about transactions with directors and executive officers as related persons, even though they may not have been related persons at the time we entered into the transactions described below.

Dr. Goldberg and Platinum

Dr. Michael Goldberg, our former President and Chief Executive Officer, previously managed a portfolio of funds for Platinum-Montaur Life Sciences LLC (“Platinum-Montaur”), an affiliate of Platinum Management (NY) LLC, Platinum Partners Value Arbitrage Fund L.P. (“PPVA”), Platinum Partners Capital Opportunity Fund (“PPCO”), Platinum Partners Liquid Opportunity Master Fund L.P., Platinum Liquid Opportunity Management (NY) LLC, and Montsant Partners LLC (collectively, “Platinum”), from May 2007 until December 2013.

In March 2017, the Company repaid to PPCO an aggregate of approximately $7.7 million in full satisfaction of the Company’s liabilities, obligations and indebtedness under the Platinum Loan Agreement between the Company and Platinum-Montaur, which were transferred by Platinum-Montaur to PPCO (the “Platinum Debt”). Subsequently, competing claims were made by Dr. Goldberg and by PPVA to the unpaid portion of the Platinum Debt. Platinum commenced litigation against the Company in November 2017. Platinum and the Company settled their dispute and Platinum’s lawsuit was dismissed in February 2022.

Goldberg Agreement and Litigation

In August 2018, Dr. Michael Goldberg resigned from his positions as an executive officer and a director of Navidea. In connection with Dr. Goldberg’s resignation, Navidea and Dr. Goldberg entered into an Agreement (the “Goldberg Agreement”) which set forth the terms of the separation from service. Among other things, the Goldberg Agreement provided that Dr. Goldberg would be entitled to 1,175,000 shares of our Common Stock, representing in part payment of accrued bonuses and payment of the balance of the Platinum debt. A portion of the 1,175,000 shares to be issued to Dr. Goldberg would be held in escrow for up to 18 months in order to reimburse Navidea in the event that Navidea is obligated to pay any portion of the Platinum debt to a party other than Dr. Goldberg. Further, the Goldberg Agreement provided that the Company’s subsidiary, Macrophage Therapeutics, Inc. (“MT”), would redeem all of Dr. Goldberg’s preferred stock and issue to Dr. Goldberg super voting common stock equal to 5% of the outstanding shares of MT. In November 2018, the Company issued 925,000 shares of our Common Stock to Dr. Goldberg, 250,000 of which were placed in escrow in accordance with the Goldberg Agreement.

On February 11, 2019, Dr. Goldberg represented to the MT Board that he had, without MT Board or shareholder approval, created a subsidiary of MT, transferred all of the assets of MT into the subsidiary, and then issued himself stock in the subsidiary. On February 19, 2019, Navidea notified MT that it was terminating the sublicense in accordance with its terms, effective March 1, 2019, due to MT’s insolvency. On February 20, 2019, the MT Board removed Dr. Goldberg as President and Chief Executive Officer of MT and from any other office of MT to which he may have been appointed or in which he was serving. Dr. Goldberg remains a member of the MT Board, together with John K. Scott, Jr. and Dr. Michael S. Rosol. Mr. Scott is also the Vice Chair of the Board of Directors of Navidea. On or about December 18, 2020, the Joint Official Liquidators and Foreign Representatives of PPVA sent a letter to MT directing that Dr. Goldberg be removed from the MT Board. The MT Board has taken no action in response.

New York Litigation Involving Dr. Goldberg

On February 20, 2019, Navidea filed a complaint against Dr. Goldberg in the United States District Court, Southern District of New York, alleging breach of the Goldberg Agreement, as well as a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing and to obtain a declaratory judgment that Navidea’s performance under the Goldberg Agreement is excused and that Navidea is entitled to terminate the Goldberg Agreement as a result of Dr. Goldberg’s actions. On April 26, 2019, Navidea filed an amended complaint against Dr. Goldberg which added a claim for breach of fiduciary duty seeking damages related to certain actions Dr. Goldberg took while CEO of Navidea. On June 13, 2019, Dr. Goldberg answered the amended complaint and asserted counterclaims against Navidea and third-party claims against MT for breach of the Goldberg Agreement, wrongful termination, injunctive relief, and quantum meruit.

On December 26, 2019, the District Court ruled on several motions related to Navidea and MT and Dr. Goldberg that substantially limited the claims that Dr. Goldberg can pursue against Navidea and MT. Specifically, the District Court found that certain portions of Dr. Goldberg’s counterclaims against Navidea and third-party claims against MT failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Additionally, the District Court ruled that actions taken by Navidea and MT, including reconstituting the MT board of directors, replacing Dr. Goldberg with Mr. Latkin as Chief Executive Officer of MT, terminating the sublicense between Navidea and MT, terminating certain research projects, and allowing MT intellectual property to revert back to Navidea, were not breaches of the Goldberg Agreement.

The District Court also rejected Dr. Goldberg’s claim for wrongful termination as Chief Executive Officer of MT. In addition, the District Court found that Dr. Goldberg lacked standing to seek injunctive relief to force the removal of Dr. Claudine Bruck and Michael Rice from MT’s Board of Directors, to invalidate all actions taken by the MT Board on or after November 29, 2018 (the date upon which Dr. Bruck and Mr. Rice were appointed by Navidea to the Board of MT), or to reinstate the terminated sublicense between Navidea and MT.

In addition, the District Court found Navidea’s breach of fiduciary duty claim against Dr. Goldberg for conduct occurring more than three years prior to the filing of the complaint to be time-barred and that Dr. Goldberg is entitled to an advancement of attorneys’ fees solely with respect to that claim. To avoid further litigation expenses, the Company agreed to indemnify Dr. Goldberg solely with respect to the breach of fiduciary duty claim.

On January 31, 2020, Goldberg filed a motion for leave to amend his complaint to add back in claims for breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing, quantum meruit and injunctive relief. On April 1, 2020, the District Court denied Dr. Goldberg’s motion for leave to amend in its entirety.

On January 27, 2020, Dr. Goldberg filed a motion seeking additional advancement from Navidea for fees in connection with the New York Action and the Delaware Action. Navidea opposed the motion and the District Court referred the matters to a Magistrate Judge. On July 9, 2020, the Magistrate Judge issued her Report and Recommendation which recommended that: (1) the District Court decline to exercise jurisdiction over Dr. Goldberg’s motion as it pertained to expenses and fees incurred in defense of the Delaware Action; (2) the District Court decline to award any fees to Dr. Goldberg for the breach of fiduciary duty without additional motion practice on the issue; (3) the District Court find that Dr. Goldberg is entitled to advancement of his expenses and fees reasonably incurred in the defense of the remainder of the New York action subject to Dr. Goldberg’s posting of an undertaking; and (4) establish a protocol by which Dr. Goldberg could establish the amounts due for advancement.

On August 24, 2020, in connection with Dr. Goldberg’s motion for advancement, the District Court adopted the Magistrate Judge’s report and recommendation and found that while Dr. Goldberg was not being granted advancement of fees and expenses incurred in connection with either the Delaware Action or the assertion of third-party claims against MT, the Court ruled that Dr. Goldberg was entitled to advancement for the defense of the remaining claims asserted against him by Navidea in the New York action. The Court adopted a protocol by which additional motion practice will occur to determine the appropriate amount of fees to be advanced. Once that decision is made by the Magistrate Judge, subject to review by the District Court, Navidea will need to advance those fees to Dr. Goldberg conditioned upon Dr. Goldberg agreeing to pay those fees back to Navidea if it is determined that he is not entitled to indemnification. 

On May 27, 2021, the District Court ordered that: (1) Dr. Goldberg be awarded $14,955 for indemnification for his attorneys’ fees for his defense of the breach of fiduciary duty claim; (2) Dr. Goldberg be advanced $1,237.50 for his attorneys’ fees subject to repayment; (3) Navidea should not be required to indemnify or advance any of the costs sought by Dr. Goldberg; (4) Dr. Goldberg is not entitled to advancement for the prosecution of his counterclaims and third-party claims; (5) Dr. Goldberg’s motion to hold Navidea in contempt be denied; and (6) Navidea should not be required to advance any additional fees or costs unless Dr. Goldberg presents his time records and costs in compliance with the District Court’s orders. The Company has made the payments ordered by the District court.

On August 6, 2021, the Company moved for reconsideration of its obligations to advance fees in light of the Delaware Court’s decision dated June 23, 2021 (described below). On October 14, 2021, the Magistrate Judge recommended that Navidea’s motion for reconsideration be denied. On March 7, 2022, the District Court adopted the Report and Recommendation in part and permitted Dr. Goldberg to seek advancement for his fees incurred in defense of his claims since September 1, 2020. On April 8, 2022, Dr. Goldberg submitted a fee application seeking advancement of $143,172.55 for attorneys’ fees and disbursements for the time period September 1, 2020 through March 31, 2022. The Company has opposed the fee application and the matter has been referred to the Magistrate Judge for resolution.

Fact discovery and expert discovery in the New York Action have been completed. The Company has moved to disqualify Dr. Goldberg’s damages expert and briefing in the District Court was submitted on April 1, 2022. The Court has not yet ruled on the Company’s motion. The Company anticipates that once the Court rules on the expert issues, the Court will schedule briefing on summary judgment.

Delaware Litigation Involving Dr. Goldberg

On February 20, 2019, MT initiated a suit against Dr. Goldberg in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (the “Delaware Court”), alleging, among other things, breach of fiduciary duty as a director and officer of MT and conversion, and to obtain a declaratory judgment that the transactions Dr. Goldberg caused MT to effect are void. On June 12, 2019, the Delaware Court found that Dr. Goldberg’s actions were not authorized in compliance with the Delaware General Corporate Law. Specifically, the Delaware Court found that Dr. Goldberg’s creation of a new subsidiary of MT and the purported assignment by Dr. Goldberg of MT’s intellectual property to that subsidiary were void. The Delaware Court’s ruling follows the order on May 23, 2019 in the case, in which it found Dr. Goldberg in contempt of its prior order holding Dr. Goldberg responsible for the payment of MT’s fees and costs to cure the damages caused by Dr. Goldberg’s contempt.

On June 23, 2021, the Delaware Court ruled in favor of MT and against Dr. Goldberg, finding that Dr. Goldberg breached his fiduciary duties to MT. Specifically, the Delaware Court ruled: “Dr. Goldberg attempted to take for himself that which belonged to [MT]. In doing so, he breached his duty of loyalty to [MT] stockholders. [MT] was absolutely justified in bringing this action to remedy (in this case undo) the harm caused by Dr. Goldberg’s misconduct.” The Delaware Court disagreed with MT’s arguments regarding damages and, other than awarding nominal damages, declined to award additional relief beyond that which it had previously granted. With respect to MT’s claim for conversion, the Delaware Court found that the claim was not supported because “Dr. Goldberg confirmed that he currently does not own or possess any intellectual property related to either Navidea or [MT]” and that “any IP Dr. Goldberg created while at Navidea or any of its subsidiaries was and remains the property of Navidea and its subsidiaries.” In addition, the Delaware Court denied Dr. Goldberg’s motion to hold MT’s directors and CEO in contempt, denied Dr. Goldberg’s motion to dismiss the lawsuit against him, and granted MT’s motion to dismiss Dr. Goldberg’s petition to remove MT’s board members. On December 9, 2021, Dr. Goldberg was ordered to reimburse MT in the amount of $66,796.33 and has paid that amount to Macrophage. Neither party has appealed the Delaware Court’s decision and the Delaware Court’s decisions are now final.

Derivative Action Involving Dr. Goldberg

On July 26, 2019, Dr. Goldberg served shareholder demands on the Boards of Directors of Navidea and MT repeating many of the claims made in the lawsuits described above. On or about November 20, 2019, Dr. Goldberg commenced a derivative action purportedly on behalf of MT in the District Court against Dr. Claudine Bruck, Y. Michael Rice, and Jed Latkin alleging a claim for breach of fiduciary duty based on the actions alleged in the demands. On April 3, 2020, Dr. Goldberg dismissed the derivative action in New York without prejudice, and the Court approved the dismissal. Because Delaware has a three-year statute of limitations that applies to the claims made, Dr. Goldberg is unlikely to be able to further pursue these claims.

Mr. Latkin and Platinum

Jed A. Latkin, our former Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer, was an independent consultant that served as a portfolio manager from 2011 through 2015 for two entities, namely Precious Capital and West Ventures, each of which were during that time owned and controlled, respectively, by PPVA and PPCO. Mr. Latkin was party to a consulting agreement with each of Precious Capital and West Ventures pursuant to which, as of April 2015, an aggregate of approximately $13 million was owed to him, which amount was never paid and Mr. Latkin has no information as to the current value. Mr. Latkin’s consulting agreements were terminated upon his ceasing to be an independent consultant in April 2015 with such entities. During his consultancy, Mr. Latkin was granted a .5% ownership interest in each of Precious Capital and West Ventures, however, to his knowledge he no longer owns such interests. In addition, PPVA owes Mr. Latkin $350,000 for unpaid consulting fees earned and expenses accrued in 2015 in respect of multiple consulting roles with them. Except as set forth above, Mr. Latkin has no other past or present affiliations with Platinum.

Macrophage Therapeutics, Inc. and Platinum

In March 2015, MT, our previously wholly-owned subsidiary, entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement to sell up to 50 shares of its Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (“MT Preferred Stock”) and warrants to purchase up to 1,500 common shares of MT (“MT Common Stock”) to Platinum and Dr. Michael Goldberg (collectively, the “MT Investors”) for a purchase price of $50,000 per unit. A unit consisted of one share of MT Preferred Stock and 30 warrants to purchase MT Common Stock. Under the agreement, 40% of the MT Preferred Stock and warrants are committed to be purchased by Dr. Goldberg, and the balance by Platinum. The full 50 shares of MT Preferred Stock and warrants to be sold under the agreement are convertible into, and exercisable for, MT Common Stock representing an aggregate 1% interest on a fully converted and exercised basis. Navidea owns the remainder of the MT Common Stock. On March 11, 2015, definitive agreements with the MT Investors were signed for the sale of the first tranche of 10 shares of MT Preferred Stock and warrants to purchase 300 shares of MT Common Stock to the MT Investors, with gross proceeds to MT of $500,000. Platinum has since transferred its interests in MT to Navidea.

Bridge Loan Transaction with John K. Scott, Jr.  

On April 10, 2022, the Company entered into a Stock Exchange and Loan Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with John K. Scott, Jr., our Vice Chairman of the Board, pursuant to which Mr. Scott agreed to make a loan to the Company in the principal amount of up to $2.5 million, all of which has been funded. The outstanding balance of the loan is evidenced by the Term Note and bears interest at a rate of 8% per annum, with payments of interest only to be made over a period of two (2) years. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the Term Note are due and payable on the second anniversary of the Purchase Agreement. The Company’s obligations under the Term Note are secured by a first priority security interest in all of the Company’s assets and personal property pursuant to a Security Agreement.

As consideration and a partial inducement for Mr. Scott to make the loan, Mr. Scott delivered 50,000 shares of Series E Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock (“Series E preferred stock”), representing 100% of the outstanding Series E preferred stock, to the Company in exchange for the Company’s issuance of 1,740 shares of Series F preferred stock and 3,260 shares of Series G preferred stock. The number of shares of Common Stock that the Company may issue to Mr. Scott upon conversion of the Series F preferred stock may not exceed that number of shares that would result in Mr. Scott owning more than 33.33% of the Company’s then outstanding shares of Common Stock unless the Company obtains stockholder approval to issue more than the 33.33% cap. The Company also agreed to prepare and file a resale registration statement with the SEC.

In connection with the rights offering, Mr. Scott has the option to pay the subscription price for the Units purchased in the rights offering by cancelling or exchanging his shares of Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock and the Term Note plus accrued but unpaid interest, instead of paying cash. The fair market value of the shares of Series F preferred stock and Series G preferred stock and the Term Note that may be exchanged or cancelled has been determined by our board of directors based on an independent appraisal obtained by the Company. We received a letter dated August 3, 2022 from counsel for the holder of the Series D preferred stock objecting to the fair market value of the shares as determined by our board based upon the independent appraisal.

PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS

The following table sets forth, as of July 29, 2022, certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of shares of our common stock by: (i) each person known to us to be the beneficial owner of more than 5% of our outstanding shares of our common stock, (ii) each of our directors, (iii) each of our named executive officers, and (iv) our directors and executive officers as a group. Except as indicated in the footnotes to this table, the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of our common stock shown as beneficially owned by them, subject to community property laws, where applicable. Percentage ownership is based on 30,364,792 shares of our common stock outstanding as of July 29, 2022. Shares underlying options or other rights to acquire our common stock that are exercisable within 60 days of July 29, 2022 are considered outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of the person holding such options or other rights, but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage ownership of any other persons. The address of all directors and executive officers is c/o Navidea Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., 4995 Bradenton Avenue, Suite 240, Dublin, OH 43017.

All of our employees and directors, or any of their designees, are prohibited from (i) purchasing financial instruments (including prepaid variable forward contracts, equity swaps, collars, and exchange funds), or (ii) otherwise engaging in transactions (including “short sales” and arrangements involving a non-recourse pledge of securities), that hedge or offset, or are designed to hedge or offset, any decrease in the market value of shares of our common stock granted to such employee or director, or any of their designees, as part of their compensation, or held (directly or indirectly) by such employee or director, or any of their designees.

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the securities offered by this prospectus has been passed upon for us by Maslon LLP, 90 South 7th Street, Suite 3300, Minneapolis, Minnesota. The dealer-manager is being represented by Ellenoff Grossman & Schole LLP, New York, New York.

EXPERTS

The financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 incorporated in this prospectus by reference to the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, have been so incorporated in reliance on the report (which contains an explanatory paragraph relating to substantial doubt about the ability of the Company to continue as a going concern as described in Note 2 to the financial statements) of Marcum LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act, with respect to the securities being offered by this prospectus. This prospectus does not contain all of the information in the registration statement and its exhibits. For further information with respect to us and the securities offered by this prospectus, we refer you to the registration statement and its exhibits. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or any other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and in each instance, we refer you to the copy of the contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Each of these statements is qualified in all respects by this reference. The SEC maintains an internet website that contains reports, proxy statements, and other information about registrants, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is www.sec.gov.

We are subject to the information and periodic reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and we file periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements and other information are available for inspection and copying at the public reference room and website of the SEC referred to above. We maintain a website at https://www.navidea.com/. You may access our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act with the SEC free of charge at our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference in, and is not part of, this prospectus.

INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” information from other documents that we file with it, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this prospectus. Information in this prospectus supersedes information incorporated by reference that we filed with the SEC prior to the date of this prospectus.

We incorporate by reference into this prospectus and the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part the information or documents listed below that we have filed with the SEC (Commission File No. 001-35076):

In addition, all documents subsequently filed by us pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, prior to the termination of the offering shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference into this prospectus, including all such documents we may file with the SEC after the date of the initial registration statement and prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement, but excluding any information deemed furnished and not filed with the SEC.

We will provide to each person, including any beneficial owners, to whom a prospectus is delivered, a copy of any or all of the reports or documents that have been incorporated by reference in the prospectus contained in the registration statement but not delivered with the prospectus. We will provide these reports or documents upon written or oral request at no cost to the requester. You should direct any written requests for documents to Navidea Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Attention: Chief Financial Officer, 4995 Bradenton Avenue, Suite 240, Dublin, Ohio 43017-3552. You may also telephone us at (614) 793-7500.

You may also access these documents, free of charge, on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov or on our website at https://ir.navidea.com/sec-filings. Except for the specific incorporated documents listed above, the information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus or the registration statement of which it forms a part.

In accordance with Rule 412 of the Securities Act, any statement contained in a document incorporated by reference herein shall be deemed modified or superseded to the extent that a statement contained herein or in any other subsequently filed document which also is or is deemed to be incorporated by reference herein modifies or supersedes such statement.

You should rely only on information contained in, or incorporated by reference into, this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus or incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should not assume that the information in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date of this prospectus or the date of the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus.

Subscription Rights to Purchase up to 35,000 Units
Consisting of an Aggregate of up to 35,000 Shares of Series I Convertible Preferred Stock

And Warrants to Purchase up to 53,830,000 Shares of Common Stock
At a Subscription Price of $1,000 per Unit